| Precipitation |
Very low technological barriers and risks |
Resulting CaSO4 sludge (notorious for solid pollution) |
12, 14 and 24
|
| Low selectivity |
| Extraction |
High purity product |
Undesirable distribution coefficients |
14, 24 and 94
|
| Low energy consumption |
Environmental problems due to the use of hazardous solvents |
| Expensive extraction agent and diluent |
| Adsorption |
Easy to operate |
Short lifetime of adsorbents |
12 and 18
|
| Low capacity |
| Ion exchange |
Easy to operate |
Consumes a great amount of acid, base, and water to regenerate ion exchange resins |
12
|
| Pressure-driven membrane |
High selectivity |
Fouling formation |
95
|
| Easy to operate |
| Easy to scale-up |
| Electro-membrane processes |
High purity product |
Fouling formation |
96 and 97
|
| No need salt introduction or discharge |
