| Acetic acid |
ED |
Membrane effective area: 10 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 80–98% |
131
|
| Voltage: 5, 10, 15 V |
Recovery rate: 24.05–40.82% (configuration 1) and 91–394% (configuration 2) |
| EED |
Membrane effective area: 32 cm2
|
Removal efficiency: >90% |
113
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 98 cm2
|
Acid recovery: up to 70% |
132
|
| Acid concentration: 0.2% |
Current efficiency: 40% |
| Voltage: 30 V |
| Amino acid |
ED |
Membrane effective area: 36 cm2
|
Recovery rate: up to 63% |
133
|
| pH: 12.5 |
Current efficiency: up to 83% |
| Acid concentration: 25, 50, 75, 100 mM |
Energy consumption: 3 kW h kg−1
|
| EDBM |
Lysine concentration: 146.19 M |
Acid concentration increase 35–50 times |
134
|
| Arginine concentration: 174.21 M |
| Histidine concentration: 155.16 M |
| Membrane effective area: 20 cm2
|
| Current density: 2–10 mA cm−2
|
| EDBM |
Methionine concentration: 24.65 g L−1
|
Acid purity: 99.98% |
135
|
| Membrane effective area: 945 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 75.10% |
| Current density: 150–300 mA cm−2
|
Energy consumption: 2.156–3.265 kW h kg−1
|
| EDI |
Membrane effective area: 50 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 60–85% |
127
|
| Voltage: 20 V |
Energy consumption: 1–1.6 kW h kg−1
|
| Resin filling: 0, 5, 10, 20 mL |
| Butyric acid |
ED |
Current: 0.05 A |
Acid purity: 85% |
129
|
| Current efficiency: 52% |
| EDI |
Membrane effective area: 10 cm2
|
Recovery rate: 82–89% |
128
|
| Voltage: 3.6–4.7 V |
Current efficiency: 81–85% |
| pH: 2–4.5 |
Energy consumption: 0.197–0.204 kW h kg−1
|
| EDI |
Membrane effective area: 0.001 m2
|
Acid purity: 92% |
129
|
| Current: 0.05 A |
Current efficiency: 59% |
| Citric acid |
ED |
Membrane effective area: 3900 cm2
|
Optimum p: 7.5 |
136
|
| Voltage: 10, 15, 20 V |
Optimum voltage: 20 V |
| Flow rate: 4, 8, 12 mL min−1
|
Optimum flow rate: 4 mL min−1
|
| pH: 2, 4.5, 7.5 |
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 50 cm2
|
Final acid concentration: up to 0.65 mol dm−3
|
137
|
| Acid concentration: 0.1 mol dm−3
|
| Current density: 52, 78, 104 mA cm−2
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 220 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 73.7–100% |
138
|
| Current density: 30, 40, 50 mA cm−2
|
Energy consumption: 4–8 kW h kg−1
|
| EDI |
Membrane effective area: 50 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 40–96% |
7
|
| Acid concentration: 500–10 000 ppm |
Energy consumption: 1.16 kW h kg−1
|
| Flow rate: 1–4 L h−1
|
| Formic acid |
EED |
Temperature: 30 °C |
Concentration ratio: 1.2–1.5 |
111
|
| Current density: 8–29 mA cm−2
|
Current efficiency: 70–140% |
| EED |
Membrane effective area: 7.07 cm2
|
Current efficiency: >100% |
110
|
| Current density: 3, 5, 10, 15 mA cm2
|
Formic acid transport through the membranes: 0.004–0.120 M |
| Temperature: 20–40 °C |
| Acid concentration: 0.05–0.5 M |
| Anolyte and catholyte concentration: 0.1 M |
| Fumaric acid |
EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 0.0064 m2
|
Recovery ratio: up to 75% |
139
|
| Current density: 90, 120, 150 mA cm−2
|
Current efficiency: 80–90% |
| Acid concentration: 1.45–2.90 g L−1
|
Energy consumption: 5–13 kW h kg−1
|
| Circulation flow rate: 6.2 L h−1
|
| Glyceric acid |
ED |
Membrane effective area: 550 cm2
|
Acid recovery: 75–95% |
140
|
| Acid concentration: 32.3–130.2 g L−1
|
Current efficiency: 87.2–100% |
| pH: 7 |
Energy consumption: 0.19–0.31 kW h kg−1
|
| Lactic acid |
ED |
Membrane effective area: 58 and 180 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 45–83% |
141
|
| Voltage: 1.5 V |
Final acid concentration: up to 157 g L−1
|
| Current: 1.4 A |
Energy consumption: 0.26–0.87 kW h kg−1
|
| ED |
Membrane effective area: 200 cm2
|
Acid recovery: 96.4–98.7% |
3
|
| Acid concentration: 80–100 g dm−3
|
Current efficiency: 77.3–83.0% |
| Energy consumption: 1.2–3.8 |
| Current: 8–12 A |
| ED |
Feed: 0.1 N lactic acid and 0.1 N sodium sulfate |
Final acid concentration: up to 4 g L−1
|
97
|
| Flow rate: 150 mL min−1
|
| ED |
Membrane effective area: 57.6 and 180 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 66–84% |
142
|
| Voltage: 1.5 V |
Final acid concentration: up to 173 g L−1
|
| Current density: 7.8 mA cm2
|
Energy consumption: 0.24–0.32 kW h kg−1
|
| ED |
Voltage: 0–15 V |
Acid recovery: 40–100% |
16
|
| Acid concentration: 40 g L−1
|
Energy consumption: 0.163–0.910 kW h kg−1
|
| ED |
Membrane effective area: 100 cm2
|
Acid recovery: up to 97% |
143
|
| Acid concentration: 0, 1, 5 g L−1
|
Energy consumption: 0.25 kW h kg−1
|
| Voltage: 10, 15, 20 |
| Temperature: 32 °C |
| ED |
Voltage: 7 V |
Mineral removal: 90% |
144
|
| Current density: 10–300 A m−2
|
Energy consumption: 0.004–0.014 kW h kg−1
|
| EIS |
Membrane effective area: 25 cm2
|
Final acid concentration: up to 9 g L−1
|
97
|
| Feed: 0.1 N lactic acid and 0.1 N sodium sulfate |
| Flow rate: 150 mL min−1
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 57.6 and 180 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 61–92% |
142
|
| Voltage: 12 V |
Final acid concentration: up to 173 g L−1
|
| Current density: 67.7 mA cm−2
|
Energy consumption: 0.84–1.38 kW h kg−1
|
| EDI |
Membrane effective area: 90 cm2
|
Final acid concentration: up to 185 g L−1
|
123
|
| Voltage: 0–70 V |
| Current density: 0–45 mA cm−2
|
| Acid concentration: 0–80 g L−1
|
| Malic acid |
EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 0.02 m2
|
Current efficiency: 30% |
145
|
| Acid concentration: 24.4 g L−1
|
Energy consumption: 1.15–1.27 kW h kg−1
|
| Circulation flow rate: 300 L h−1
|
| Propionic acid |
EED |
Membrane effective area: 20 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 90.5–99.2% |
116
|
| Acid concentration: 40 g L−1
|
Final acid concentration: 150 g L−1
|
| Current density: 70 mA cm−2
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 20 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 85.2–100% |
116
|
| Acid concentration: 40 g L−1
|
Final acid concentration: 145 g L−1
|
| Current density: 70 mA cm−2
|
| Salicylic acid |
EDBM |
Feed acid concentration: 1 M |
Current efficiency: 80–90% |
121
|
| Flow rate: 90 L h−1
|
Final acid concentration: up to 45 M |
| Circulation rate: 4.6 cm s−1
|
Energy consumption: 14–38 W h m2 kg−1
|
| Current density: 30, 50, 75 mA cm−2
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 7.07 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 99.6% |
146
|
| Acid concentration: 0.05–0.4 mol L−1
|
Energy consumption: 2.1 W h m2 kg |
| Current density: 14–50 mA cm−2
|
| Succinic acid |
ED |
Membrane effective area: 178 cm2
|
Final acid concentration: 63–77.6 g L−1
|
147
|
| Acid concentration: 51.5 g L−1
|
Current efficiency: 76.2–78.9% |
| ED |
Membrane effective area: 64 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 15–25% |
148
|
| Voltage: 0–20 V |
Total carboxylate basis: 50–60% |
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 80 cm2
|
Final acid concentration: 0.25–0.60 M |
149
|
| Acid concentration: 0.05 M |
Current efficiency: 90% |
| Circulation rate: 15 L h−1
|
Energy consumption: 1–4 kW h kg−1
|
| Current density: 12.5, 25, 37.5 mA cm−2
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 80 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 96.8% |
149
|
| Current density: 12.5–37.5 mA cm−2
|
Energy consumption: <4 kW h kg−1
|
| EDBM |
Membrane effective area: 207 cm2
|
Current efficiency: 75.4% |
150
|
| Current density: 90 and 120 A m−2
|
Energy consumption: 1.5–3.2 kW h kg−1
|
| Acid concentration: 43, 100, and 200 g L−1
|
| EDBM |
Current density: 90 and 120 mA cm−2
|
Current efficiency: 14.3–19% |
151
|
| Acid concentration: 15 and 16.9 g dm−3
|
Final acid concentration: 13 and 15.7 g dm−3
|
| Feed flow rate: 100 dm2 h−1
|
| Tartaric acid |
ED |
Temperature: 25–40 °C |
Current efficiency: 33–65% |
152
|
| Feed: 10 kg m−3 tartaric acid and 60 kg m−3 glucose |
Final acid concentration: 170–300 kg m−3
|
| Energy consumption: 5.103–12.103 kJ kg−1
|
