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. 2022 May 2;12:7098. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10936-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Serum C3a levels in SLE patients positive for anti-Sm and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies. (a,b) 6 SLE patients positive for anti-Sm autoantibodies, and 7 SLE patients positive for anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, C3a and Cq1 levels were measured via Western blotting. (c) Serum samples from donors collected as in (a) were used to assess C3a levels via ELISA based on provided directions. (d) C3a levels were significantly higher in SLE patients positive for anti-dsDNA as compared to anti-Sm+ patients (P < 0.01). (e) No significant differences in serum C1q levels were observed between groups. Data were compared via Student’s t-tests, with dots corresponding to individual samples.