FIGURE 4.

Treatment of AKI by targeting ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. This figure shows that abnormal increase of Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ promotes the Fenton chemical reaction and lipid peroxidation, and mediates ferroptosis, thus leading to AKI. RM initiates ferroptosis by increasing the levels of Fe²⁺; IRI induces ferroptosis by suppressing the transformation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. Other pathogenic factors such as FA, cisplatin, sepsis, and dexamethasone can also induce ferroptosis and lead to AKI. Ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, deferoxamine, XJB-5-131, and vitamin E can alleviate or delay the development of AKI by inhibiting ferroptosis.