Fig. 27. (A) (Left) Photographs of a real graphene-interfaced chip. (Right) The PASE activation and antibody immobilization processes. (B) On-chip biosensing of E. coli O157:H7 through capacitance change measured between Au microelectrodes. (C) Optical micrographs of captured E. coli O157:H7 cells on graphene-interface chips through targeted antibodies that are covalently attached to the surfaces of the chips. [Reprinted with permission from ref. 564, A. Pandey, Y. Gurbuz, V. Ozguz, J. H. Niazi and A. Qureshi, Graphene-Interfaced Electrical Biosensor for Label-Free and Sensitive Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic E. coli O157:H7, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2017, 91, 225–231. Copyright© Elsevier.].