Fig. 47. (A) Schematic representation of a fluorescent aptasensor assay based on GO-probe for detecting mucin 1 protein (MUC1) (5′-FAM-CCCGTCTTCCAGACAAGAGTGCAGGG-3′) by using deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)-mediated target cyclic amplification. The formation of GO-probe/MUC1 complex results in the fluorescence signal detection. (B) Fluorescence intensity of the GO-based aptasensor in the presence of MUC1 (5 ng mL⁻¹), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) (50 ng mL⁻¹), serum albumin (BSA) (50 ng mL⁻¹), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (50 ng mL⁻¹), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (50 ng mL⁻¹), and black, respectively. (C) Fluorescence intensity of the GO-based aptasensor for detection of MUC1 protein in buffer and blank biological samples of human urine, saliva and serum. Reprinted with permission from ref. 775, J. Zhang, F. Ran, W. Zhou, B. Shang, F. Yu, L. Wu, W. Hu, X. He and Q. Chen, Ultrasensitive fluorescent aptasensor for MUC1 detection based on deoxyribonuclease I-aided target recycling signal amplification, RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 32009–32015. Copyright© The Royal Society of Chemistry.