Enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors developed from graphene nanocomposite-based electrodes and their sensitivity, concentration range, LOD, and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (K_s) between GOx enzyme and the modified graphene electrodes^a.

Graphene-based nanocomposites	Linear range	Sensitivity (μA mM−1 cm−2)	Limit of detection (LOD)	K m (mM)	K s (s−1)	Ref.
GR/CS nanocomposite	0.08–12 mM	37.93	0.02 mM	—	2.83	147
Nf/PdNPs@rGO-APTES//GOx	3 μM to 4.57 mM	234.1	0.91 μM	—	—	148
GR/AuNPs/CS nanocomposite	2–10 mM	0.55	180 μM	—	—	149
Sulfonated GR/AuNPs/CS nanocomposite	0.5–22.2 mM	6.51	0.13 mM	1.96	—	150
GR/DNA/AuNPs	0.8–50 μM	0.00244	0.3 μM	—	—	151
GQDs/GOx	0.005–1.27 mM	0.085	1.73 μM	0.76	1.12	126
Reduced carboxyl GR/GOx	2–18 mM	7	0.02 mM	—	—	152
3D porous GR/GOx	0.02–3.2 mM	6.82	1.7 μM	—	6.05	153
3D porous GR–CS composites	0.14–7.0 mM	11.2	17.5 μM	—	—	154
rGO/ZnO hybrid	0.2–6.6 mM	13.7	0.2 μM	2.2	7.55	155
rGO/ZrO2 NPs	0.29–14 mM	11.65	0.13 mM	—	5.03	156
rGO/PtPd NPs	2–12 mM	0.024	0.001 mM	—	—	157
rGO/AgNPs	0.5–12.5 mM	3.84	0.16 mM	—	5.27	158
PDDA-capped AuNPs/GR/MWCNTs	5–175 μM	29.72	4.8 μM	2.09	11.18	159
GO/AuNPs	1–8 mM	0.835	10 μM	0.144	5.35	160
rGO/Fe3O4 NPs	0.5–12 mM	—	0.05 mM	—	—	161
rGO/PLL/MnO2 NPs	0.04–10 mM	46.36	0.02 mM	—	4.92	162
GR–CNTs/ZnO hybrid nanostructure	10 μM to 6.5 mM	5.36	4.5 μM	—	5.554	163
MWCNTs/GO nanocomposite	0.05–23.2	0.266	28 μM	—	11.22	164
Py-NHS ester-modified graphite NPs	0–2.2 mM	0.729	50 μM	—	—	165
AuNPs/GR/CNTs nanocomposite	10 μM to 2 mM	0.695	4.1 μM	10.5	3.36	166
Au-MWCNTs–GR hybrid composite	50 μM to 20 mM	—	2.48 μM	1.07	—	167
3D GR/CNTs hybrid	2–8 mM	19.31	0.5 mM	—	9.0	168
Pt nanospheres/flexible GR sheets	10 μM to 10 mM	150.8	1 μM	—	—	169
CS-rGO-AuNPs hybrids	15 μM to 2.13 mM	102.4	1.7 μM	4.33	—	170
Fe3O4 NPs/CS-GR	Up to 26 mM	5658	16 μM	—	—	171
rGO-activated carbon/PtNPs	0.002–10 mM	—	2 μM	—	—	172
rGO/β-cyclodextrin composite	50 μM to 3.0 mM	59.74	59.74 μM	1.78	3.8	173
rGO/C60 composite	0.1–12.5 mM	55.97	35 μM	4.4	2.92	174
AuNPs/GO nanocomposites	0.3–20 mM	42	0.3 mM	—	8.3	175
GR/Cu nanocubes	25 μM to 4 mM	5432.2	250 nM	—	—	176
rGO/GOx	0.1–1 mM	9.60	5.8 μM	—	—	177
rGO/GOx	1.4 and 9.5 mM	2.47	13.4 μM	—	—	178
GR/polyethyleneimine-AuNPs hybrid	1–100 μM	93	0.32 μM	—	5.4	125
PANI-modified SnO2/rGO	0.1 nM to 5 μM	96.1	0.26 nM	—	—	179
MnO2/GR composite	0.04–2 mM	3.3	10 μM	—	2.57	180
rGO/polyethyleneimine (PEI)	0.01 μM to 15.5 mM	0.00334	5 μM	4.09	—	181
CVD-grown GR	0.2–9.8 mM	0.087	0.12 μM	—	—	182
Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite	0.05–1 mM	5.9	0.1 μM	0.16	13.78	183
PAA-rGO/VS-PANI/LuPc2/GOx	2–12 mM	15.31	25 μM	17.05	—	201
Fc-CS/SWNTs/GOD/3DGR foam	5.0 μM to 19.8 mM	—	1.2 μM	—	—	184
rGO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite	0.5–10 mM	2.645	106.5 μM	—	2.03	185
AuNPs/rGO	2–10 mM	18.73	0.9 nM	2.63	2.51	186
PtNPs/rGO	2–10 mM	27.51	1.21 μM	3.43	3.05	187

^aAbbreviations used: APTES: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, PEDOT: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PAA: polyacrylic acid, PEI: polyethyleneimine, PANI: polyaniline, VS-PANI: vinyl-substituted polyaniline, MWCNTs: multiwalled carbon nanotubes, CS: chitosan, Nf: Nafion, QDs: quantum dots. PDDA: poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), Py-NHS: 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. LuPc₂: lutetium phthalocyanine, Fc: ferrocene.