Graphene/nanoparticles (NPs) nanocomposite-based nonenzymatic glucose biosensors and their sensitivity, concentration detection range and LOD^a.

Graphene-based nanocomposites	Linear range	Sensitivity (μA mM−1 cm−2)	Limit of detection	Ref.
NiCo2N/N-GR core–shell	2.008 μM to 7.15 mM	1803	50 nM	224
GR/PtNiNPs	0.5–35 mM	20.42	10 μM	229
GR/CuO NPs nanocomposites	1 μM to 8 mM	1065	1 μM	231
3D GF/cobalt oxide nanowires (Co3O4NWs) composite	Up to 80 μM	3390	25 nM	232
GR–cobalt oxide nanoneedles	0.2–3 mM	—	10 μM	233
GR paper/PtAu–MnO2 nanocomposites	0.1–30.0 mM	58.54	0.02 mM	234
GO/NiONPs composite	3.13 μM to 3.05 mM	1087	1 μM	210
GO/CuONPs composite	2.79 μM to 2.03 mM	262.52	0.69 μM	209
GR/Cu2O nanocubes	0.3–3.3 mM	—	3.3 μM	235
Cu–GR nanoflowers	5–900 μM	11.3	1 μM	236
Pt nanoflowers/GO composite	2–20.3 mM	0.64	2.0 μM	237
Mn3O4/3D GR foam	0.1–8 mM	360	10 μM	238
rGO/CuO nanoflowers/Pt nanocubes	Up to 12 mM	3577	0.01 μM	239
N-doped GR/CuNPs composite	0.004–4.5 mM	48.13	1.3 μM	226
rGO/Ni(OH)2 nanostructures	15 μM to 30 mM	11.4	15 μM	240
PtPd-IL-rGO nanocomposite	0.1–22 mM	1.47	2 μM	241
Ni(OH)2/3D GF	1 μM to 1.17 mM	2.65	0.34 μM	242
GR/PtNi NPs	0.5–20 mM	30.3	2 μM	243
Cu2O NPs/graphene	0.5 μM to 2 mM	2939.24	0.09 μM	244
PdCu NPs/3D GR hydrogel	2–18 mM	48.0	0–8 mM	245
GO nanoribbon/AuNPs hybrid	0.5 M to 10 mM	59.1	5 μM	246
Ni(OH)2/rGO/MWCNTs	10–1500 μM	2042	2.7 μM	247
SnO2/rGO composite	50–500 μM	1930	13.35 μM	248
PVP/GNs/NiNPs/CS composite	0.1 μM to 0.5 mM	103.8	30 nM	249
rGO/Au–CuO NPs	1 μM to 12 mM	2356	0.01 μM	250
AuNPs/Ni–Al double hydroxide/SWCNTs/GR composite	10 μM to 6.1 mM	1989	1 μM	251
S-GR/CuO NPs composite	0.1–10.5 mM	1298.6	80 nM	252
N-rGO/Mn3O4 NPs	1.0–329.5 μM	0.026	0.5 μM	253
CuNiO/GO	0.05–6.9 mM	225.75	16 μM	254
GR/Pt nanoclusters/PVP composite	1–25 mM	1.21	30 μM	255
GO/Cu NPs	Up to 12 mM	447.65	3.4 μM	256
rGO/Pt–NiO nanoplate arrays	0.008–14.5 mM	832.95	2.67 μM	257
Needlelike NiCo2O4/3D GF	0.5 μM to 0.59 mM	2524	0.38 μM	258
rGO nanosheet/Cu nanowires composite	1 μM to 11 mM	1625	0.2 μM	227
NiO NPs/polyaniline nanowire/GO composite	2 μM to 5.560 mM	376.22	0.5 μM	259
NiCo alloys/polypyrrole/rGO nanocomposites	0.5 μM to 4.1 mM	153.5	0.17 μM	230
Cu2O/AlOOH/rGO nanocomposite	5.0 μM to 14.77 mM	155.1	2.6 μM	260
NiCo2O4 nanowrinkles/rGO	0.005–8.6 mM	548.9	2 μM	261
Cu NPs/pencil graphite	1.0–100 mM	1467.5	0.44 μM	262
CuCo2O4 nanosheets/graphite paper	Up to 320 μM	3.625	5 μM	263
AgPt/rGO composite	0.003–7.72 mM	129.32	1.8 μM	264
Hollow CuCo2O4/porous rGO composite	0.5–3354 μM	2426	0.15 μM	265
GQD/CoNiAl-layered double hydroxide	0.01–14.0 mM	48.717	6 μM	266
GR/BiOCl nanohybrid	0.5–10 mM	1.878	0.22 mM	267
AuNPs/N-doped GR	0.04–16.1 mM	0.25	12 μM	268
CuS NPs/rGO	0.0001–3.88 mM	429.4	32 nM	269
NiCo2O4/nitrogen-doped rGO/IL composite	0.001–4.555 mM	3760	0.18 μM	270
CuNPs/EC-rGO composite	0.14–5091 mM	445	0.049 μM	271
N-doped GR/Cu nanostructures composite	0.0005–5.0 mM	1848	0.014 μM	228
Honeycomb-like CoNS/RGO/PPy nanocomposite	0.5 μM to 2.667 mM	297.73	29 nM	272
3D GR/Ni on ZnO nanorod arrays	0.05 μM to 1.11 mM	2030	0.15 μM	273
Nanoneedle like CuO/N-doped rGO	0.5–639 μM	0.0034	0.01 μM	274
Ni plasma-modified GR	1–1150 μM	2213	1 μM	275
rGO/CuS NF nanocomposite	1–2000 μM	53.5	0.19 μM	276
3D Cu–Co/rGO nanocomposite	1 μM to 4 mM	240	0.15 μM	277
GNs/GR nanoribbons/NiNPs	5 nM to 5 mM	2300	2.5 nM	278
CuNPs/rGO core–shell nanocomposite	0.001–2 mM	150	0.34 μM	279
NiO/PtNPs/EC-rGO composite	0.05–5.66 mM	668.2	0.2 μM	280

^aAbbreviations used: PVP: polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, EC-rGO: electrochemically reduced graphene oxide, GF: graphene foam, BiOCl: bismuth oxychloride, CuSNFs: copper sulfide nanoflake.