Cholesterol biosensors developed from graphene nanocomposite-based modified electrodes and their linear detection range, sensitivity and limit of detection^a.

Graphene-based nanocomposites	Linear range	Sensitivity (μA mM−1 cm−2)	Limit of detection (LOD)	K m (mM)	Ref.
GR-PtNPs hybrid	Up to 12 mM	2.07	0.2 μM	5.0	287
Cholesterol esterase-functionalized GR	50–300 μM	443.25	15 μM	—	288
ChOx/hemin–GR nanosheets	0.17–1120 μM	—	0.06 μM	—	289
CeO2/GR composites	12 μM to 7.2 mM	—	4 μM	—	290
TiO2–GR–Pt–Pd hybrid	0.05 μM to 5.9 mM	—	0.017 μM	0.21	291
Pd–Pt NPs/GR nanocomposite	2.2 μM to 0.52 mM	—	0.75 μM	0.11	292
MWCNTs/GO/thionine–AuNPs	0.15–828 μM	—	50 nM	—	293
GR/PVP/PANI nanocomposite	50 μM to 10 mM	—	1 μM	—	294
Self-assembled GR	0.05–0.35 mM	124.57	0.05 μM	1.22	295
rGO/dendritic Pd nanostructure	0.005–0.014 mM	—	0.05 μM	—	296
GR/IL	0.25–215 μM	4163	0.5 mM	2.32	297
CS/GR nanocomposites	0.005–1.0 mM	—	0.715 μM	17.39	298
MWCNTs/GO/AuNPs	0.15–828 μM	—	0.05 μM	—	293
ZnO/AgNWs/GR–CS nanocomposites	6.5 μM to 10 mM	9.2	0.287 μM	0.295	299
MB/calix[6]arene-functionalized GR	0.50–50.00 μM	—	0.20 μM	—	300
Ag nanowires/CS/GO nanocomposite	Up to 400 mg dL−1	13.628	0.427 mg dL−1	2.813	301
CdTe QD/MWCNTs/rGO nanoribbons	1 μM to 1 mM	—	0.33 μM	—	302
SiO2 NPs/rGO hybrid composite	2.6–15.5 mM	11.1	1.3 mM	0.49	303
NiO flowers/CVD-grown GR	2–40 μM	—	0.13 μM	—	304
PSS/polymeric IL/GR nanocomposite	0.01–10.4 mM	—	3.5 μM	—	305
Polypyrrole/rGO/ChOx composite	0.01–6 mM	1095.3	3.78 μM	—	306
GO-SH/AuNPs composite	0.05–11.45 mM	273	0.2 nM	0.18	26
TiO2 nanowires/3D GR nanostacks	0.05–8.0 mM	3.82	6 μM	—	307
rGO nanosheet/PEI hybrid	2.5–25 μM	—	0.5 μM	—	181
CeO2/N-doped GR composite	4.0 μM to 5 mM	—	1.33 μM	—	308
Ag/AuNPs–GO	0.01–5000 μg mL−1	0.084	0.001 μg mL−1	—	309

^aAbbreviations used: CS: chitosan, ILs: ionic liquids, SPE: screen-printed electrode, MB: methylene blue, GO-SH: thiol-functionalized graphene oxide.