Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) biosensors fabricated using graphene nanocomposite-based modified electrodes^a.

Graphene-based nanocomposites	Linear range	Sensitivity (μA mM−1 cm−2)	Limit of detection (LOD)	Ref.
rGO/carbon ceramic with CdS-hemoglobin	2–240 μM	1.056	0.24 μM	317
Carboxyl (COOH)-functionalized GO	0.006–0.8 μM	—	1 nM	318
Porous CeO2/rGO xerogel composite	60.7 nM to 3.0 μM	1.978	30.40 nM	319
PtNPs/graphene nanocomposite	0.002–0.71 mM	—	0.5 μM	320
3D graphene/CNTs	10 μM to 1 mM	137.9	1 μM	321
PtNPs/MnO2 nanowire/rGO paper	2 μM to 133 mM	129.5	1.0 μM	322
Self-assembled AuNPs/rGO paper	0.005–8.6 mM	236.8	2.0 μM	323
Prussian blue (PB)/CS/graphene sheets	0.01–0.4 mM	816.4	0.213 μM	324
AuNPs/porous graphene films	0.5–4.9 mM	75.9	0.1 μM	42
Nf/PdNPs@rGO-APTES composite	0.7 μM to 13.5 mM	1164.3	0.21 μM	148
GR/Cu2O nanocubes	0.3–7.8 mM	—	20.8 μM	235
GR/Ag nanocrystals	0.02–10 mM	183.5	3 μM	325
Prussian blue NPs/GR paper	1–7 mM	25.0	5 μM	326
AuNPs/rGO nanohybrids	0.25–22.5 mM	5.3	6.2 μM	327
ZrO2/rGO nanocomposite	0.1–1340 μM	—	20 nM	328
rGO/tyrosine	0.1–2.1 mM	69.07	80 μM	329
rGO/mesoporous silica/AuNPs composite	0.5 μM to 50 mM	39.2	60 nM	330
rGO/MnO2 nanotube nanocomposite	0.1–30 mM	303.9	0.82 μM	331
Polypyrrole/rGO/AuNPs composites	32 μM to 2 mM	40.0	2.7 μM	332
PtNPs/graphene–CNTs hybrid paper	Up to 25 μM	1.41	10 nM	333
AgNPs/CNT/rGO hybrid nanocomposite	0.01–10 mM	—	1 μM	334
PtNPs/porous GR	1–1477 μM	341.14	0.50 μM	335
Freestanding graphene papers	1–30 μM	500000	100 nM	336
Hollow TiO2-modified rGO microspheres	0.1–360 μM	417.6	10 nM	337
CuO/graphene nanosphere composite	0.01–0.1 mM	—	6.88 μM	338
3D graphene–Fe3O4 QD composite		274150	8 nM	339
rGO/AuNPs nanohybrids	0.25 to 22.5 mM	—	6.2 μM	327
Ni(OH)2/rGO/MWCNTs	10–9050 μM	2042.0	4.0 μM	247
Cytochrome c (Cyt c)/GO/CNT/AuNPs	0.001–0.14 mM	0.533	0.027 nm	340
Pt nanospheres/flexible graphene silk	0–2.5 mM	150.8	0.2 μM	169
rGO/nPPY composite	1–4 μM	—	34 nM	341
Carbon QDs/graphene sheets	10 μM to 1 mM	—	300 nm	342
Poly-l-histidine/rGO composite	0.2–500 μM	266.4	0.05 μM	343
Hemin–graphene/PEDOT composite	1.0 μM to 0.1 mM	23.05	0.08 μM	344
Ag nanowire/graphene hybrids	10.0 μM to 34.3 mM	—	1 μM	345
Hollow AuPd NPs/N-doped GR	0.1–20 mM	5095.5	0.02 μM	346
AgNPs/PANI/graphene composite	0.25 to 2.25 mM	7.46	0.03 mM	347
CeO2/rGO nanocomposite	0.1–500 μM	4.65	0.021 μM	348
GR/cobalt oxide (Co3O4) NPs	0.2–211.5 μM	13.52	0.06 μM	349
AgNPs/GO nanocomposites	0.02–23.1 mM	—	8.7 μM	350
rGO-PtNPs composite	0.05–750.6 μM	0.686	16 nM	351
GR nanodots/gold	0.005–4 mM	—	1 μM	352
AgNPs/CNTs/rGO nanocomposite	0.01–10 mM	—	1 μM	334
Ag@Pt core–shell NPs/rGO	5 μM to 12.4 mM	—	0.9 μM	353
NiCo2N/N-GR core–shell	200 nM to 3.4985 mM	2848.73	200 nM	224
PdNPs/bilayer graphene	0.004–13.5 mM	115.1	1.5 μM	354
rGO/PdNPs/ZnFe2O4 composite	25 μM to 10.2 mM	621.64	2.12 μM	355
Graphene/cellulose microfiber	0.05–926 μM	0.49	0.01 μM	356
3D porous N-doped GR	0.6 μM to 2.1 mM	1.0	0.3 μM	357
PDA/GR QDs/AuNPs	0.1–40 μM	48.6	5.8 nM	358
HRP/porous GR	2.77–835 μM	—	26.7 pM	359
Nanowall-like Pd/rGO	100 μM to 12 mM	—	0.24 μM	360
PEDOT:PSS/rGO/AuNPs	5–400 μM	677.0	0.08 μM	361
rGO/Nafion/AgNPs	1–10 μM	0.4508	0.535 μM	362
rGO/CuFe2O4 composite	1 μM to 11 mM	265.57	0.35 μM	363
GR/organic salts	2–37 mM	1161.6	0.19 μM	315
Cu2O/rGO paper	0.001–1.47 mM	—	0.37 μM	364
Cobalt sulfide/rGO composite	0.1 μM to 2.54 mM	2.519	42 nM	365
Au–Pt NPs/rGO composite	0.005–4 mM	1117.0	0.008 μM	366

^aAbbreviations used: ChOx: cholesterol oxidase, PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone, PANI: polyaniline, MWCNTs: multiwalled carbon nanotubes, PEI: polyethyleneimine, PEDOT: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), HRP: horseradish peroxidase.