Graphene nanocomposite-based biosensors for detecting nucleic acids and NADH^a.

Graphene-based nanocomposites	Target	Detection technique	Linear range	Limit of detection (LOD)	Ref.
Nucleic acids
3D GR/AuNP nanocomposite	DNA	CV, EIS	50 fM to 5.0 pM	3.4 fM	391
Poly(xanthurenic acid)/rGO composite	DNA	EIS	0.1 fM to 0.1 nM	4.2 fM	392
SPAN/GO composite	DNA	EIS	0.1 fM to 0.1 nM	0.32 fM	393
rGO modified GCE	Amelogenin gene	EIS, CV	1 × 10−20 to 1 × 10−14 M	3.2 × 10−21 M	394
AuNPs/toluidine blue–GO composite	DNA	DPV	10 pM to 1 nM	2.95 pM	395
GR/Au nanorods/polythionine	HPV	—	0.1 pM to 0.1 nM	40.3 fM	396
Flower-like VS2/GR/AuNPs	AIV H5N1 gene		0.5 pM to 0.5 nM	52 fM	397
AuNPs/rGO/GCE	ssDNA	EIS, CV	3 × 10−20 to 10−12 M	1 × 10−20 M	398
Au nanoclusters/GR	HIV gene	DPV	0.1 fM to 100 nM	30 aM	399
EC-rGO/GR	DNA	CV, DPV	10 fM to 1 μM	0.158 fM	400
GR/Au nanoclusters composite	DNA	LSV	0.2 fM to 20 pM	0.057 fM	401
rGO/AuNPs	DNA	DPV	0.1 pM to 10 nM	35 fM	402
AuNPs/rGO/PANI nanocomposite	DNA (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)		1.0 fM to 1.0 nM	1.0 fM	403
rGO	DNA	EIS	1.0 fM to 1.0 nM	0.029 fM	404
N-doped GR/AuNPs	DNA	—	10 fM to 0.1 μM	3.12 fM	405
rGO/ZrO2 nanocomposite	miRNA-21	EIS	10 fM to 0.1 nM	4.3 fM	406
GO nanosheet/AgNPs nanocomposite	DNA	DPV	10 fM to 10 nM	7.6 fM	407
GR/Nafion composite	HIV gene	EIS	0.1–100 pM	0.23 fM	408
EC-rGO	HIV gene	EIS	1 pM to 1 nM	0.3 pM	409
p-rGO/AuNPs	ssDNA (Listeria monocytogenes)	DPV	0.1 fM to 1 μM	0.317 fM	410
GR/flavin mononucleotides	DNA	DPV	0.1 fM to 1.0 μM	0.074 fM	411
dsDNA/poly(l-cysteine)/Fe3O4 NPs/GO nanocomposite	DNA	CV, EIS	0.01–30.0 μM	3.48 nM	412
Au-transferred CVD-grown GR	DNA	Hall	1 pM to 100 nM	1 pM	413
rGO	DNA		1 fM to 1 nM	1 fM	414
Thionine functionalized rGO	DNA	DPV	0.01 fM to 1 pM	4.28 × 10−19	415
AQMS-rGO composite	DNA	DPV	1 fM to 0.01 μM	63 fM	416
Au nanocages/GR nanoribbons	DNA	CV, EIS	1 fM to 100 pM	600 aM	417
GR QDs	miRNA-155	CV	1 fM to 100 pM	0.14 fM	418
GO/Au nanorod nanocomposite	miRNA-155	CV	2.0 fM to 8.0 pM	0.6 fM	419
MgO nanoflowers/GO-AuNPs nanocomposite	miRNA	CV	0.1–100 fM	50 aM	420
CS/N-doped rGO	miRNA	EIS	5–20 μg mL−1	1.72 μg mL−1	421
N-doped GR/AuNPs/hemin/G-quadruplexes	miRNA	CV, DPV	10 fM to 1 nM	0.17 fM	422
NADH
N-doped GR/AuNPs nanocomposite	NADH	CV	1–100 μM	300 nM	423
rGO/AuNPs	NADH	CV	0–500 μM	0.6 μM	160
GR-DNA tetrahedra/AuNPs	NADH	CV	1.0 fM to 10 pM	1.0 fM	424
AuNPs/rGO nanocomposite	NADH	CV	50 nM to 500 μM	1.13 nM	425
Poly(O-anisidine)/GR nanocomposite	NADH	CV	0.166–1.772 μM	1.3 μM	426
N-doped GR	NADH	CV	0.5–12 μM	0.37 μM	427
EC-rGO/AuNPs–PAH composite	NADH	CV	0.01–0.2 mM	3.5 μM	428
FeN NPs/N-doped GR	NADH		0.4–718 μM	25 nM	429
GR/pyrroloquinoline quinone composite	NADH	DPV	0.32–220 μM	0.16 μM	430
Au–AgNPs/poly(l-cysteine)/rGO nanocomposite	NADH	CV	0.083 μM to 1.05 mM	9.0 nM	431

^aAbbreviations used: NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, SWCNTs: single-walled carbon nanotubes, LSV: linear sweep voltammetry, MDR: multidrug resistance, HPV: human papillomavirus, PAH: poly(allylamine hydrochloride), AQMS: anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid. AIV: avian influenza virus, CILE: carbon ionic liquid electrode, SPAN: sulfonated polyaniline.