Graphene-based biosensors for detecting dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA)a.
| Graphene-based nanocomposites | Linear range (μM) | Limit of detection (μM) | Sensitivity | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA | DA | UA | AA | DA | UA | |||
| GR | 4–100 | 2.64 | — | 459 | ||||
| GR/PtNPs | 0.15–34.4 | 0.03–8.13 | 0.05–11.85 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.969 | 460 |
| MWCNTs/GO nanoribbons | 0.1–8.5 | 0.15–12.15 | 0.15–11.4 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.07 | — | 461 |
| MoS2-PANI/rGO nanocomposite | 50–8000 | 5.0–500 | 1.0–500 | 22.20 | 0.70 | 0.36 | — | 458 |
| N-doped GR | 5–1300 | 0.5–170 | 0.1–20 | 2.2 | 0.25 | 0.045 | — | 462 |
| Screen-printed GR | 0–4500 | 0.5–2000 | 0.8–2500 | 0.95 | 0.12 | 0.20 | — | 463 |
| AuNPs/β-cyclodextrin/GR | 300–2000 | 0.50–150 | 0.5–50 | 10 | 0.15 | 0.21 | — | 464 |
| Pd NPs/GR/CS composite | 100–4000 | 20–200 | 0.5–200 | 20 | 0.1 | 0.17 | — | 465 |
| N-doped carbon spheres/rGO | 50–1200 | 0.5–90 | 1–70 | 0.65 | 0.012 | 0.018 | — | 466 |
| GR/CS nanocomposite | — | 0.1–140 | 1–125 | — | 0.05 | 0.1 | — | 467 |
| Polyaniline/GO fibrous nanocomposite | 25–200 | 2–18 | 2–18 | 20 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 468 |
| Tryptophan/GR | 0.2–3.4 | 0.5–10 | 10–1000 | 10.09 | 0.29 | 1.24 | — | 469 |
| Polyimidazole/GO copolymer | 7–2275 | 12–278 | 3.6–249.6 | 18 | 0.63 | 0.59 | — | 470 |
| CTAB-GO/MWCNTs | 5.0–300 | 5.0–500 | 3.0–60 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | — | 471 |
| PtNPs/GR–CNTs composite | 200–900 | 0.1–30 | 0.1–50 | 50 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 9.199 | 472 |
| Pristine GR | 9–2314 | 5–710 | 6–1330 | 6.45 | 2.0 | 4.82 | 112.5 | 473 |
| Ni–Co hexacyanoferrate/GR | 0.5–2000 | 0.2–500 | — | 0.15 | 0.06 | — | 474 | |
| GR/CNTs/sulfonated CS | 1.25–442 | 1.25–357 | 1.25–533 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1.68 | 475 |
| AgNWs/rGO | 45–1550 | 40–450 | 35–300 | 0.81 | 0.26 | 0.30 | — | 476 |
| rGO-CNTs/ITO | 10–200 | 0.2–8 | 0.2–16 | 5.31 | 0.04 | 0.17 | — | 477 |
| Au@PdNPs/rGO composite | 1–800 | 0.1–100 | 0.1–350 | 0.28 | 0.024 | 0.02 | — | 478 |
| N-doped GR flakes | 80–2000 | 0.5–150 | 3–60 | 0.58 | 0.015 | 0.015 | — | 479 |
| Hemin–GO sheets | 1–100 | 0.5–40 | 0.5–50 | 0.3 | 0.17 | 0.17 | — | 480 |
| Pd@Ag nanoflowers/rGO | 1–4100 | 0.05–112 | 3–186 | 0.185 | 0.017 | 0.654 | — | 481 |
| GR fibers/NiCo2O4 | 200–750 | 1–13 | 10–26 | 50 | 0.1 | 0.2 | — | 482 |
| PtNPs/GR paper | 0.087–100 | — | — | 0.005 | — | 2.00 | — | 483 |
| GR/ZnO composite | 50–2350 | 1–70 | 3–330 | 3.71 | 0.33 | 1.08 | — | 484 |
| PAA/polypyrrole/GO | 300–440 | 32–60 | — | 1.962 | 1.025 | — | — | 485 |
| PAM/polypyrrole/GO | 150–220 | 6–13 | — | 0.659 | 0.408 | — | — | 485 |
| β-NiS/rGO/AuNPs | 0.90–100 | 0.1–100 | 0.331 | — | 0.0045 | — | 486 | |
| AuNPs/rGO | — | 0.05–11 | 0.1–11 | — | 0.02 | 0.03 | — | 487 |
| CVD-grown GR | 5–1500 | 0.25–75 | 0.4–120 | 1.58 | 0.06 | 0.09 | — | 488 |
| 3D GR hydrogel/AuNPs | 1.0–700 | 0.2–30 | 1–60 | 0.028 | 0.0026 | 0.005 | — | 489 |
| Ferrocene/3D GR hydrogel | 20–450 | 10–180 | 8–400 | 0.183 | 0.042 | 0.067 | — | 490 |
| GR/porous CS composite | — | 1–700 | 1–800 | — | 0.14 | 0.17 | — | 491 |
a
Abbreviations used: HP: hydrophilic polymer, CNT: carbon nanotubes, CTAB: cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, PPy: polypyrrole, CVD: chemical vapor deposition, GRHG: graphene hydrogel, PAA: polyacrylic acid, PAM: polyacrylamide.