Graphene-based biosensors for detecting different cancer biomarkersa.
| Graphene-based nanocomposites | Biomarkers | Detection technique | Linear range | Limit of detection | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS/EC-rGO-AuNPs-Ag deposition | CEA | LSV | 0.5 pg mL−1 to 0.5 ng mL−1 | 0.12 pg mL−1 | 512 |
| Carboxyl GR nanosheets/CS/AuNPs composites | CEA | DPV | 0.5–60 ng mL−1 | 0.1 ng mL−1 | 511 |
| AFP | 0.05 ng mL−1 | ||||
| CVD GR/AuNPs composite | CEA | EIS | 50–60 ng mL−1 | 5 ng mL−1 | 513 |
| rGO/thionine/AuNPs composite | CEA | — | 0.01–300 ng mL−1 | 0.650 pg mL−1 | 514 |
| AFP | 0.885 pg mL−1 | ||||
| GR sheets/MWCNTs-CS/AuNPs | EBNA-1 | DPV | 0.05–6.4 ng mL−1 | 0.7 pg mL−1 | 515 |
| APTES-ME-GR | hCG | CV | 0.62–5.62 ng mL−1 | 0.62 ng mL−1 | 516 |
| GR/AuNPs nanocomposite | PSA | CV | 0–10 ng mL−1 | 0.59 ng mL−1 | 517 |
| GO/Au nanorod composite | MiR-155 | CV, DPV | 2 fM to 8 pM | 0.6 fM | 419 |
| Porous GR/TiO2 nanofibers | ErbB2 | DPV | 1.0 fM to 0.1 μM | 0.06 ng mL−1 | 518 |
| ZrO2/rGO nanocomposite | CYFRA-21-1 | DPV | 2–22 ng mL−1 | 0.122 ng mL−1 | 519 |
| AuNPs/GO nanocomposite | AFP | — | 0.001–80 ng mL−1 | 0.0002 ng mL−1 | 520 |
| CEA | 0.0001 ng mL−1 | ||||
| Au nanocages/rGO nanocomposite | Beclin-1, LC3B-II | DPV | 0.02–0.03 ng mL−1 | — | 521 |
| AuNPs/GO nanocomposite | PSA | CV | 0.001 fg mL−1 to 0.02 mg mL−1 | 5.4 fg mL−1 | 522 |
| AuNPs/PDA@GR nanocomposite | Ki67 protein | EIS | 4–800 pg mL−1 | 1.7 pg mL−1 | 523 |
| TB/Cu2O@GO nanocomposite | AFT | — | 0.001 pg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1 | 0.1 fg mL−1 | 524 |
| Streptavidin-N-doped GR | CEA | DPV | 0.02–12 ng mL−1 | 0.01 ng mL−1 | 525 |
| PtPd/N-doped GR-QDs/AuNPs | CEA | CV, EIS | 5 fg mL−1 to 50 ng mL−1 | 2.0 fg mL−1 | 526 |
| EC-rGO | NEFA, bHBA | SPE | 0.1–10 mM | 0.111 mM | 527 |
| GO/ssDNA/PLLA NPs | VEGF | DPV | 0.05–100 ng mL−1 | 50 pg mL−1 | 528 |
| PSA | 1–100 ng mL−1 | 1 ng mL−1 | |||
| PtCu@rGO/g-C3N4 | PSA | CV | 50 fg mL−1 to 40 ng mL−1 | 16.6 fg mL−1 | 529 |
| Green corona-metal NPs/rGO | ErbB2 | EIS | 1.0 fM to 0.5 μM | 1 fM | 508 |
| AuNPs/GO nanocomposite | ErbB2 | CV | 0.37–10 nM mL−1 | 0.16 nM | 530 |
| CD24 | EIS | 0.23 nM | |||
| S-doped GR/PANI nanocomposite | CEA | SWV | 0.1 pg mL−1 to 0.3 ng mL−1 | 30 fg mL−1 | 531 |
| NMP22 | 25 fg mL−1 | ||||
| AgNPs/rGO/SPE | CEA | CV | 0.05–0.50 mg mL−1 | 0.035 μg mL−1 | 532 |
| Mesoporous Pd@P NPs/NH2-GR | PSA | CV | 10 fg mL−1 to 50 ng mL−1 | 3.3 fg mL−1 | 533 |
| S-doped rGO | 8-OHdG | EIS | 20–0.002 μM | 1 nM | 534 |
| Fe3O4 NPs@GO nanosheets | PSA | CV | 9.8–624 pg mL−1 | 15 fg mL−1 | 535 |
| PSMA | EIS | 15.6–7.8 ng mL−1 | 4.8 fg mL−1 | ||
| GR-QDs-IL-Nafion composite | CEA | — | 0.5 fg mL−1 to 0.5 ng mL−1 | 0.34 fg mL−1 | 536 |
| 3D GR/AgNPs composite | CYFRA21-1 | DPV | 0.1 fM to 0.1 μM | 0.1 fM | 537 |
| GO/Au nanorods nanocomposite | PSA | ECL | 0.5 pg mL−1 to 5.0 ng mL−1 | 0.17 pg mL−1 | 538 |
| AgPt nanoring/rGO nanocomposite | CEA | CV | 5 fg mL−1 to 50 ng mL−1 | 1.43 fg mL−1 | 539 |
| CdS QDs@PS/GO-PANI nanocomposite | K562 cells | — | 10 to 1.0 × 107 cells per mL | 3 cells per mL | 540 |
| PBSE/CVD-grown GR/Cu | CEA | EIS | 1.0–25.0 ng mL−1 | 0.23 ng mL−1 | 541 |
| Poly(catechol)/GO nanosheets/AuNPs | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | DPV | 100 μM to 10 pM | 1 pM | 542 |
| Hemin–GR/PdNPs nanocomposite | PSA | DPV | 0.025–205 ng mL−1 | 8 pg mL−1 | 543 |
| Carboxylic group-functionalized GO (GO–COOH-SPCE) | MUC1 | DPV | 0.1 to 2 U mL−1 | 0.04 U mL−1 | 544 |
| Polypyrrole/EC-rGO composite | BRCA1 gene | CV, EIS | 10 fM to 0.1 μM | 3 fM | 545 |
Abbreviations used: CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen, AFP: α-fetoprotein, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, NMP22: nuclear matrix protein 22, SWV: square wave voltammetry, NEFA: nonesterified fatty acids, bHBA: beta-hydroxybutyrate, ErbB2: epidermal growth factor receptor, MUC1: mucin1, AFT: a-fetoprotein, MPS: mesoporous silica, hCG: human chorionic gonadotropin, APTES: 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, ME-GR: multilayer epitaxial graphene, SPE: screen-printed carbon electrode, 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, EBNA-1: Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1, TB: toluidine blue, SPE: screen-printed electrode, SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, PSA: prostate-specific antigen, PSMA: prostate-specific membrane antigen, PDA: polydopamine, PS: polystyrene, PANI: polyaniline, BRCA: breast cancer gene, CYFRA21-1: cytokeratin fragment antigen 21–1, PLLA: poly(l-lactide), IL: ionic liquid, PBSE: 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester.