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. 2019 Mar 18;9(16):8778–8881. doi: 10.1039/c8ra09577a

Graphene-based biosensors for the detection of pathogens, food toxins, and metal ionsa.

Graphene-based nanocomposites Pathogen/food toxin Detection method Detection range Limit of detection (LOD) Ref.
Pathogenic bacteria
GO/CS nanocomposite S. Typhi-specific DNA DPV 10 fM to 50 nM 10 fM 434
GO/iron oxide/CS composite E. coli O157:H7 EIS 1 μM to 10 fM 10 fM 559
GO/nickel ferrite/CS composite E. coli O157:H7 DPV 0.1 fM to 1 μM 0.1 fM 560
GO/thionine assembly Cry1C SWV 0.01–100 ng mL−1 3.2 pg mL−1 561
rGO/AuNPs nanocomposite S. aureus EIS 10 to 106 cell per mL 10 CFU mL−1 562
GR/copper oxide–cysteine E. coli O157:H7 EIS 10 to 108 CFU mL−1 3.8 CFU mL−1 563
GR E. coli O157:H7 EIS 10–100 cells per mL — 564
Nanoporous alumina membrane/GR-QDs Salmonella typhimurium EIS 1 pM to 100 nM 1 pM 565
Functionalized bridged rebar GR E. coli O78:K80:H11 EIS 101 to 106 CFU mL−1 10 CFU mL−1 566
EC-rGO/CS nanocomposite Salmonella enterica DPV 101 to 106 CFU mL−1 101 CFU mL−1 567
rGO/AuNPs/Ab2/IMB/SPCE Salmonella pullorum DPV 102 to 106 CFU mL−1 89 CFU mL−1 568
rGO-azophloxine nanocomposite S. typhimurium 101 to 108 CFU mL−1 101 CFU mL−1 569
ssDNA/GO/CS nanocomposite E. coli O157:H7 EIS 10 pM to 10 nM 3.584 pM 570
AuNPs–PdNPs/EC-rGO Lomefloxacin SWV 4–500 μM 81 nM 571
Amoxicillin 3–350 μM 9 μM
3D GR nanosheet/AuNPs Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) DPV 0.1 μM to 10 fM 9.41 fM 572
GO/AuNPs Cronobacter sakazakii DPV 2 × 102 to 2 × 107 CFU mL−1 2 × 101 CFU mL−1 573
rGO/polyethylenimine E. coli UTI89 bacteria DPV 101 to 104 CFU mL−1 10 CFU mL−1 574
 
Food toxins
ss-HSDNA/rGO aerogel Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)  EIS 0.1–70 ng mL−1 0.04 ng mL−1 575
Anti-AFB1/rGO/ITO AFB1 CV 0.125–1.5 ng mL−1 0.12 ng mL−1 576
AuNPs/carboxylated rGO AFB1 EIS 0.1–12 ng mL−1 0.1 ng mL−1 577
rGO/PPy/PPa nanocomposite AFB1 EIS 10 fg mL−1 to 10 pg mL−1 10 fg mL−1 578
NiNPs/rGO nanosheets Mycotoxin (AFB1) CV 1–8 ng mL−1 0.16 ng mL−1 579
GR–thionine–aptamer Ochratoxin A DPV 0.4–8 ng mL−1 5.6 pg mL−1 580
DNA aptamer/GR β-Lactoglobulin milk protein SWV 0–100 ng mL−1 20 pg mL−1 581
 
Metal ions
AuNPs/GR/cysteine composite Cd2+ SWASV 0.5–40 μg L−1 0.1 μg L−1 582
Pb2 0.05 μg L−1
GO modified Au electrode Pb2+ SWV 0–50 ppb 0.4 ppb 583
Hg2+ 0–15 ppb 0.8 ppb
Cu2+ 0–200 ppb 1.2 ppb
GR nanodots/porous Au electrode Pb2+ SWV 0.006–2.5 μM 0.8 nM 584
Cu2+ 0.009–4 μM 1 nM
GO/AgNPs composite Pb2+ SWV 0.1 nM to 10 μM 80 pM 585
Hollow AuPd-flower-like MnO2–hemin@rGO composite Pb2+ DPV 0.1 pM to 200 nM 0.034 pM 586
DNA-modified 3D rGO/CS composite Hg2+ EIS 0.1 nM to 10 nM 0.016 mM 587
AuNPs/rGO nanocomposite Hg2+ CV, EIS 10 ng L−1 to 1.0 μg L−1 1.5 ng L−1 588
Heparin modified CS/GR composite Pb2+ SWASV 1.125–8.25 μg L−1 0.03 μg L−1 589
rGO/AuNPs composite Fe3+ DPV 30–3000 nM 3.5 nM 590
Pi-A/rGO nanocomposite Cu2+ SWASV 5–300 μg L−1 0.67 μg L−1 591
Nile red-GR composite Fe3+ CV, DPV 30–1000 μM 24.9 μM 592
rGO-CS/poly-l-lysine nanocomposite Cd2+ DPASV 0.05–10 μg mL−1 0.01 μg mL−1 593
Pb2 0.02 μg mL−1
Cu2+ 0.02 μg mL−1
GR-Au modified electrode Hg2+ CV, SWV 1 aM to 100 nM 0.001 aM 594
Ruthenium(ii) bipyridine [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex/GO composite Cd2+ CV, EIS 0.5–0.3 μM 2.8 nM 595
Pb2+ 0.05–0.25 μM 1.41 nM
As2+ 0.05–1.8 μM 2.3 nM
Hg2+ 0.1–1.2 μM 1.6 nM
l-Cysteine/AuNPs/rGO Cu2+ DPSV 2–60 μg mL−1 0.037 μg mL−1 596
MnFe2O4/GO nanocomposite Pb2+ SWASV 0.2–1.1 μM 0.0883 μM 597
GQDs@VMSF Hg2+ DPV 10 pM to 1 nM 9.8 pM 598
Cu2+ 10 pM to 1 nM 8.3 pM
Cd2+ 20 nM to 1 μM 4.3 nM
a

Abbreviations used: MoS2: molybdenum disulfide, PANI: polyaniline, PPy: polypyrrole, PPa: pyrrolepropylic acid, GQDs: graphene quantum dots, LMF: lomefloxacin, AMX: amoxicillin, EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, SWV: square wave voltammetry, SWASV: square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, Ab2: secondary antibody, IMB: immunomagnetic beads, Pi-A: N-(2-(1-(p-tolyl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)picolinamide, DPASV: differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, ochratoxin A (OTA): (2S)-2-[[(3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydroisochromene-7-carbonyl]amino]-phenylpropanoic acid, VMSF: vertically ordered mesoporous silica-nanochannel film.