Graphene nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE)-based acetylcholinesterase (AChE) electrochemical biosensors for detecting pesticidesa.
| Graphene-based nanocomposites | Pesticides | Linear range | Limit of detection | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PtNPs–carboxylic GR–Nafion | Methyl parathion | 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5 × 10−5 nM | 637 |
| PtNPs–carboxylic GR–Nafion | Carbofuran | 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5 × 10−4 nM | 637 |
| NiONPs–carboxylic GR–Nafion | Methyl parathion | 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5 × 10−5 nM | 638 |
| NiONPs–carboxylic GR–Nafion | Chlorpyrifos | 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5 × 10−4 nM | 638 |
| SnO2NPs–carboxylic GR–Nafion | Methyl parathion | 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5 × 10−5 nM | 639 |
| SnNPs–carboxylic GR–Nafion | Chlorpyrifos | 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5 × 10−4 nM | 639 |
| MIPs/rGO-AuNPs | Carbofuran | 5.0 × 10−2 to 0.2 μM | 2.0 × 10−2 μM | 640 |
| MIPs-GR | Imidacloprid | 0.5–15 μM | 0.10 μM | 641 |
| EC-rGO/Nafion | Methyl parathion | 0.002–0.7 μM | 1 nM | 642 |
| GR/GCE | Phoxim | 20–20 000 nM | 8 nM | 643 |
| Poly(3-methylthiophene)/N-doped GR | Phoxim | 0.02–2.0 μM | 6.4 nM | 644 |
| Carboxylic chitosan/AgNCs-rGO composite | Phoxim | 0.2–250 nM | 81 pM | 645 |
| TiO2-GO/UiO-66 composite | Paraoxon | 1.0–100 nM | 0.2 nM | 646 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 5.0–300 nM | 1.0 nM | ||
| MWCNTs/GO nanoribbons | Carbaryl | 5–5000 nM | 1.7 nM | 647 |
| AgNPs–carboxylic GR/Nafion | Carbaryl | 1.0 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5.45 × 10−4 nM | 648 |
| AgNPs–carboxylic GR/Nafion | Chlorpyrifos | 1.0 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5.3 × 10−4 nM | 648 |
| ZnONPs–carboxylic GR/Nafion | Chlorpyrifos | 1.0 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5.0 × 10−5 nM | 649 |
| ZnONPs–carboxylic GR/Nafion | Carbofuran | 1.0 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5.2 × 10−4 nM | 649 |
| Il–GR–gelatin | Carbaryl | 1.0 × 10−8 to 1 × 10−2 μM | 5.3 × 10−6 nM | 650 |
| Il–GR–gelatin | Monocrotophos | 1.0 × 10−7 to 5 × 10−2 μM | 4.6 × 10−5 nM | 650 |
| PBNCs-rGO composite | Monocrotophos | 1.0–600 ng mL−1 | 0.1 ng mL−1 | 651 |
| rGO-AuNPs/β-CD/PB-CS | Malathion | 7.98 to 2.0 × 103 pg mL−1 | 4.14 pg mL−1 | 652 |
| rGO-AuNPs/β-CD/PB-CS | Carbaryl | 4.3 to 1.0 × 103 pg mL−1 | 1.15 pg mL−1 | 652 |
| CS@TiO2-CS/rGO | Dichlorvos | 0.036–22.6 μM | 29 nM | 653 |
| CeO2-rGO composite | Fenitrothion | 0.025–2.0 μg mL−1 | 3.0 ng mL−1 | 654 |
| rGO-AuNPs composite | Diuron | 0.5–30.0 μg mL−1 | 0.125 μg mL−1 | 655 |
| rGO-AuNPs/PPy composite | Paraoxon-ethyl | 1.0 nM to 5 μM | 0.5 nM | 656 |
| GR/PANI composite | Carbaryl | 38–194 ng mL−1 | 20 ng mL−1 | 657 |
| Porous GO | Carbofuran | 0.3–6.1 ng mL−1 | 0.15 ng mL−1 | 658 |
| PLaE–CS/AuNPs–GR | Methyl parathion | 0.19–760 nM | 0.19 nM | 659 |
| PLaE–CS/AuNPs–GR | Malathion | 1.5–1513.5 nM | 1.51 nM | 659 |
| EC-rGO-Nafion | Dichlorvos | 5–100 ng mL−1 | 2 ng mL−1 | 660 |
| 3D GR/MWCNTs composite | Carbaryl paraoxon | 0.3–0.81 ng mL−1 | 0.015 ng mL−1 | 661 |
| 0.05–1 ng mL−1 | 0.025 ng mL−1 | |||
| Ionic liquid–GR/CO3O4/CS | Dimethoate | 5 × 10−3 nM to 0.1 μM | 1 × 10−4 nM | 662 |
a
Abbreviations used AChE: acetylcholinesterase, GCE: glassy carbon electrode, PLaE: plant esterase, GNs: graphene nanosheets, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, carboxylic graphene (C-GR), Nafion (NF), PtNPs: platinum nanoparticles, NiONPs: nickel oxide nanoparticles, SnO2NPs: tin oxide nanoparticles, MIPs: molecularly imprinted polymers, C-CS: carboxylic chitosan, MWCNTs: multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Il-GR: ionic liquid-functionalized graphene, rGO: reduced graphene oxide, β-CD: β-cyclodextrin, PBNCs: Prussian blue nanocubes, CeO2: cerium oxide, PPy: polypyrrole, PANI: polyaniline, methyl parathion: O,O-dimethyl-O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate.