Table 2.
HPV prevalence and prevalence ratio (PR) for any tested genotype in the oral cavity (among valid tests at baseline) by participant characteristic. Bivariable models adjust for sex as well as the given variable. Bold values are associated with confidence intervals that do not contain 1. Abbreviations: MSM, men who have sex with men; MSW, men who have sex with women; MSMW, men who have sex with men and women; WSM, women who have sex with men; WSW, women who have sex with women; WSMW, women who have sex with men and women.
| HIV+ (N = 245) |
HIV- (N = 101) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % HPV+ | N HPV+/N | Univariable |
Bivariable |
% HPV+ | N HPV+ | Univariable |
Bivariable |
|||||
| PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 27.1% | 42/155 | 1.0 | (ref) | – | – | 15.7% | 13/83 | 1.0 | (ref) | – | – |
| Female | 15.1% | 13/86 | 0.56 | (0.31, 0.98) | – | – | 5.2% | 6/115 | 0.33 | (0.13, 0.84) | – | – |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 18-29 | 28.6% | 4/14 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 7.1% | 1/14 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| 30-49 | 21.1% | 19/90 | 0.74 | (0.29, 1.85) | 1.01 | (0.35, 2.91) | 10.5% | 9/86 | 1.47 | (0.20, 10.7) | 1.46 | (0.21, 10.3) |
| 50+ | 23.4% | 33/141 | 0.82 | (0.33, 1.98) | 1.14 | (0.41, 3.17) | 9.2% | 9/98 | 1.29 | (0.18, 9.39) | 1.48 | (0.21, 10.4) |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| White | 19.4% | 13/67 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 9.4% | 9/96 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Black | 21.1% | 22/204 | 1.09 | (0.59, 2.01) | 1.32 | (0.71, 2.46) | 4.5% | 2/44 | 0.48 | (0.11, 2.15) | 0.45 | (0.10, 1.09) |
| Hispanic | 26.9% | 7/26 | 1.39 | (0.62, 3.09) | 1.36 | (0.59, 3.13) | 25.0% | 5/20 | 2.67 | (0.12, 7.11) | 2.27 | (0.87, 5.91) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| High school or less | 26.2% | 27/103 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 17.9% | 7/39 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Some college or AA degree | 22.7% | 17/75 | 0.86 | (0.51, 1.46) | 0.77 | (0.45, 1.31) | 7.0% | 3/43 | 0.39 | (0.10, 1.40) | 0.52 | (0.14, 1.90) |
| College or postgraduate degree | 16.3% | 8/49 | 0.62 | (0.31, 1.27) | 0.55 | (0.27, 1.12) | 6.5% | 7/108 | 0.36 | (0.14, 0.96) | 0.51 | (0.19, 1.35) |
| Recruitment site | ||||||||||||
| Albert Einstein College of Medicine | 24.1% | 20/83 | 1.60 | (0.86, 2.96) | 1.88 | (1.01, 3.50) | 15.7% | 8/51 | 1.94 | (0.77, 4.87) | 1.78 | (0.72, 4.42) |
| Emory University | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.7% | 2/35 | 0.71 | (0.16, 3.17) | 0.76 | (0.18, 3.32) |
| John Hopkins University | 35.6% | 16/45 | 2.36 | (1.27, 4.40) | 2.87 | (1.55, 5.31) | 7.7% | 1/13 | 0.95 | (0.13, 7.01) | 0.67 | (0.09, 4.94) |
| University of Michigan | 15.1% | 14/93 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 8.0% | 8/99 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| University of Pittsburgh | 25.0% | 6/24 | 1.66 | (0.71, 3.86) | 1.81 | (0.79. 4.15) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married or living with partner | 20.0% | 15/75 | 0.83 | (0.47, 1.49) | 0.83 | (0.46, 1.49) | 7.3% | 7/96 | 0.86 | (0.29, 2.58) | 0.93 | (0.31, 2.77) |
| Never married/partnered | 24.0% | 23/96 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 8.4% | 5/59 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Separated/divorced/widowed |
26.0% |
13/50 |
1.08 |
(0.60, 1.95) |
1.22 |
(0.68, 2.19) |
14.3% |
5/35 |
1.69 |
(0.52, 5.41) |
1.79 |
(0.57, 5.64) |
| Substance use | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||||
| Never or former user | 30.3% | 30/99 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 7.5% | 5/67 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Current users | 17.5% | 21/120 | 0.58 | (0.35, 0.94) | 0.53 | (0.32, 0.86) | 9.1% | 11/121 | 1.22 | (0.44, 3.35) | 1.41 | (0.52, 3.84) |
| Tobacco use | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 19.2% | 14/73 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 4.8% | 4/83 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Former smoker | 22.8% | 13/57 | 1.19 | (0.61, 2.33) | 1.18 | (0.61, 2.27) | 9.9% | 7/71 | 2.05 | (0.62, 6.70) | 2.09 | (0.65, 6.77) |
| Current smoker | 23.5% | 20/85 | 1.23 | (0.67, 2.25) | 1.19 | (0.65, 2.18) | 15.6% | 5/32 | 3.24 | (0.93, 11.3) | 2.45 | (0.70, 8.56) |
| Marijuana use | ||||||||||||
| Never user | 25.3% | 19/75 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 4.0% | 3/75 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Former user | 21.6% | 18/83 | 0.86 | (0.49, 1.50) | 0.79 | (0.45, 1.40) | 8.9% | 7/79 | 2.22 | (0.59, 8.25) | 2.50 | (0.68, 9.21) |
| Current user |
21.4% |
12/56 |
0.85 |
(0.45, 1.60) |
0.82 |
(0.43, 1.53) |
16.0% |
4/25 |
4.00 |
(0.96, 16.7) |
3.74 |
(0.90, 15.6) |
| Sexual behavior | ||||||||||||
| Sexual partners | ||||||||||||
| MSM | 27.7% | 13/34 | 6.22 | (1,48, 26.0) | – | – | 0.0% | 0/9 | 0.0 | – | – | – |
| MSW | 33.3% | 10/20 | 7.50 | (1.77, 31.8) | – | – | 14.0% | 7/43 | 5.53 | (1.20, 25.6) | – | – |
| MSMW | 25.5% | 12/25 | 5.74 | (1.36, 24.2) | – | – | 15.4% | 2/11 | 6.08 | (0.94, 39.4) | – | – |
| WSM | 4.4% | 2/43 | 1.0 | (ref) | – | – | 2.5% | 2/77 | 1.0 | (ref) | – | – |
| WSMW | 37.5% | 6/10 | 8.44 | (1.89, 37.6) | – | – | 19.0% | 4/17 | 7.5 | (1.48, 38.3) | – | – |
| Circumcised (male only) | ||||||||||||
| No | 31.2% | 20/64 | 1.0 | (ref) | – | – | 19.4% | 6/31 | 1.0 | (ref) | – | – |
| Yes | 23.7% | 18/76 | 0.76 | (0.44, 1.30) | – | – | 12.0% | 6/50 | 0.62 | (0.22, 1.75) | – | – |
| Circumcised partner | ||||||||||||
| Never | 13.1% | 8/61 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 6.2% | 4/65 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Ever | 24.3% | 25/103 | 1.85 | (0.89, 3.84) | 1.52 | (0.70, 3.28) | 5.3% | 3/57 | 0.86 | (0.20, 3.66) | 0.81 | (0.19, 3.46) |
| Lifetime number of kissing partners | ||||||||||||
| 0-5 | 12.1% | 7/58 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 7.0% | 4/57 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| ≥ 6 | 28.2% | 29/103 | 2.33 | (1.09, 4.99) | 2.02 | (0.94, 4.33) | 9.2% | 9/98 | 1.31 | (0.42, 4.06) | 1.25 | (0.41, 3.82) |
| Lifetime number of vaginal sex partners | ||||||||||||
| 0-5 | 23.9% | 33/138 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 2.1% | 2/97 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| ≥ 6 | 19.4% | 15/77 | 0.81 | (0.47, 1.40) | 0.95 | (0.55, 1.66) | 15.7% | 14/89 | 7.63 | (1.78, 32.6) | 7.84 | (1.84, 33.4) |
| Condom use during vaginal sex | ||||||||||||
| Rarely or never | 14.3% | 4/28 | 0.65 | (0.23, 1.81) | 0.64 | (0.23, 1.77) | 7.4% | 5/68 | 1.14 | (0.23, 5.55) | 1.12 | (0.23, 5.42) |
| Most to some of the time | 21.6% | 11/51 | 0.99 | (0.49, 1.98) | 1.02 | (0.51, 2.03) | 13.8% | 9/65 | 2.15 | (0.49, 9.35) | 1.94 | (0.45, 8.34) |
| All the time | 21.8% | 15/64 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 6.5% | 2/31 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Lifetime number of oral sex partners (performing) | ||||||||||||
| 0-5 | 17.0% | 17/100 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 7.0% | 8/114 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| ≥ 6 | 28.7% | 33/115 | 1.69 | (1.00, 2.83) | 1.39 | (0.80, 2.42) | 11.4% | 8/70 | 1.63 | (0.64, 4.14) | 1.44 | (0.57, 3.63) |
| Lifetime number of oral sex partners (receiving) | ||||||||||||
| 0-5 | 15.4% | 15/97 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 6.3% | 7/111 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| ≥ 6 | 29.1% | 34/117 | 1.88 | (1.09, 3.24) | 1.60 | (0.91, 2.84) | 12.3% | 9/73 | 1.95 | (0.76, 5.01) | 1.59 | (0.62, 4.07) |
| Condom use during oral sex | ||||||||||||
| Rarely or never | 19.4% | 21/108 | 0.64 | (0.34, 1.22) | 0.48 | (0.26, 0.88) | 9.9% | 13/131 | 0.59 | (0.15, 2.33) | 0.47 | (0.14, 1.59) |
| Most to some of the time | 18.2% | 6/33 | 0.60 | (0.25, 1.46) | 0.53 | (0.23, 1.23) | 16.7% | 2/12 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| All the time | 30.3% | 10/33 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 0.0% | 0/7 | 0.0 | – | ||
| Lifetime number of anal sex partners | ||||||||||||
| 0-5 | 17.4% | 16/92 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 6.6% | 9/136 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| 6+ | 27.2% | 22/81 | 1.56 | (0.88, 2.76) | 1.06 | (0.54, 2.08) | 7.1% | 1/14 | 1.08 | (0.15, 7.91) | 0.72 | (0.09, 5.6)0 |
| Condom use during anal sex | ||||||||||||
| Rarely or never | 17.4% | 8/46 | 0.51 | (0.24, 1.09) | 0.47 | (0.21, 1.04) | 8.5% | 3/35 | 0.90 | (0.16, 4.95 | 1.08 | (0.19, 6.09) |
| Most to some of the time | 20.5% | 8/39 | 0.60 | (0.28, 1.27) | 0.56 | (0.27, 1.19) | 9.5% | 2/21 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| All the time | 34.1% | 14/41 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 0.0% | 0/16 | 0.0 | – | ||
| Prior STI diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| No | 19.6% | 21/107 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) | 7.8% | 12/153 | 1.0 | (ref) | 1.0 | (ref) |
| Yes | 25.4% | 35/138 | 1.29 | (0.80, 2.09) | 1.27 | (0.79, 2.04) | 15.6% | 7/45 | 1.98 | (0.83, 4.74) | 1.80 | (0.77, 4.23) |