Table 1.
Results of exercise-loaded trials (shadowboxing).
| Day | Trial | Shadowboxing |
Seizures |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stance | Punching | Punch laterality | Punch intensity | Induction | Duration (s) | Latency (s) | ||
| 1 | 1 | left-front | + | right | controlled | + | 18 | 11 |
| 2 | left-front | + | right | controlled | − | − | − | |
| 3 | left-front | + | right | controlled | − | − | − | |
| 2 | 1 | left-front | + | right | controlled | + | 14 | 13 |
| 2 | left-front | + | right | controlled | + | 15 | 18 | |
| 3 | left-front | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| 4 | left-front | + | right | controlled | − | − | − | |
| 3 | 1 | left-front | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 2 | left-front | + | right | uncontrolled | − | − | − | |
| 3 | left-front | + | right | controlled | + | 11 | 26 | |
| 4 | left-front | + | right | controlled | − | − | − | |
| 4 | 1 | right-front | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| 2 | right-front | + | left | controlled | − | − | − | |
The patient was instructed to continue shadowboxing for 3 minutes in each trial. In the table, “duration” indicates the ictal duration and “latency” indicates the latency from exercise initiation to seizure onset. The trial numbers indicate the order of the trials performed on the same day. Shadowboxing motions without punching means footwork only. We changed the stance of the shadowboxing to match the laterality of the punching. Controlled punching indicates punching in which the patient had to stop the punching motion just before fully stretching the arm as in typical shadowboxing. Uncontrolled punching indicates punching with fully extended arm at maximum intensity as in an actual boxing match. Shadowboxing with controlled punching reproducibly induced his seizures.