Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics for the study participants and for severe pain and mild/moderate pain groups.
| Characteristics | Total | Severe pain(n = 125) | Mild/moderate pain(n = 347) | Severe pain versus Mild/moderate pain |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female) | 308 (65.3%) | 89 (71.2%) | 219 (63.1%) | 130 (-1.7, 17.0%) |
| Age (years) | 39.1 ± 14.7 | 42.5 ± 14.6 | 38.0 ± 14.6 | 4.5 (-7.4, -1.5)* |
| Body weight (kg) | 75.7 ± 17.3 | 77.5 ± 15.1 | 75.0 ± 17.9 | 2.5 (-5.7, 1.3) |
| Body height (metres) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.0) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 5.4 | 27.8 ± 5.3 | 26.6 ± 5.5 | 1.2 (-2.2, -0.0)* |
| Underweight | 8 (1.7%) | 1 (1.6%) | 7 (2.0%) | 6 (-3.8, 2.8%) |
| Normal weight | 177 (37.5%) | 39 (31.2%) | 138 (39.8%) | 99 (-1.3, 17.7%) |
| Overweight | 165 (35%) | 46 (36.8%) | 119 (34.3%) | 73 (-6.9, 12.5%) |
| Obese | 117 (24.8%) | 37 (29.6%) | 80 (23.1%) | 43 (-2.2, 16.0%) |
| Educational Level | ||||
| Illiterate | 5 (1.1%) | 1 (0.8%) | 4 (1.2%) | 3 (-3.7, 2.3%) |
| Primary education | 44 (9.3%) | 20 (16.0%) | 24 (6.9%) | 4 (2.8, 16.9%)* |
| High school | 133 (28.2%) | 45 (36.0%) | 88 (25.4%) | 43 (1.4, 20.3%)* |
| Graduation | 158 (33.5%) | 36 (28.8%) | 122 (35.2%) | 86 (-3.4, 15.3%) |
| Post-graduation | 132 (28.0%) | 23 (18.4%) | 109 (31.4%) | 86 (4.0, 20.7%)* |
| Household members, median [25th-75th percentiles] |
2 [1-3] | 2 [1-3] | 2 [1-3] | 0.0 (-0.5, 0.05) |
| Household income (USD) | 1343.6 ± 1479 | 959.4 ± 847.5 | 1469 ± 1508 | 509.6 (210.3, 809.7)* |
| Currently employed | 326 (69.1%) | 79 (63.2%) | 247 (71.2%) | 168 (-1.4, 17.8%) |
| Weekly working hours | 37.7 ± 14.7 | 23.5 ± 22.3 | 26.9 ± 20.8 | 3.4 (-1.4, 7.4) |
| Disability compensation | 20 (4.2%) | 7 (5.6%) | 13 (3.7%) | 6 (-1.9, 7.6%) |
| Health insurance (private) | 222 (47%) | 41 (32.8%) | 181 (52.2%) | 140 (9.3, 28.6%)* |
| Number of comorbidities | 1.5 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 0.5 (-0.9, -0.2)* |
| Currently receiving physical therapy | 144 (30.5%) | 52 (41.6%) | 92 (26.5%) | 40 (5.5, 24.9%)* |
| Taking analgesic medicines | 239 (50.6%) | 79 (63.2%) | 160 (46.1%) | 81 (6.9, 26.6%)* |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | 55 (11.7%) | 17 (13.6%) | 38 (11.0%) | 21 (-3.6, 10.3%) |
| Smoking | 31 (6.6%) | 11 (8.8%) | 20 (5.8%) | 9 (-1.8, 9.6%) |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| High | 230 (49.1%) | 52 (41.6%) | 178 (51.3%) | 126 (-0.5, 19.5%) |
| Moderate | 203 (43.3%) | 56 (44.8%) | 147 (42.4%) | 91 (-7.5, 12.5%) |
| Low | 36 (7.7%) | 17 (13.6%) | 19 (5.5%) | 2 (2.4, 15.5%)* |
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Very bad | 64 (13.6%) | 24 (19.2%) | 40 (11.5%) | 16 (0.7, 16.0%)* |
| Fairly bad | 172 (36.4%) | 49 (39.2%) | 123 (35.4%) | 74 (-5.8, 13.8%) |
| Fairly good | 203 (43%) | 42 (33.6%) | 161 (46.4%) | 119 (2.7, 22.1%)* |
| Very good | 33 (7.0%) | 10 (8.0%) | 23 (6.6%) | 13 (-3.4, 7.9%) |
| Pain characteristics | ||||
| Current pain intensity (NPRS) | 4.7 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.6 | 4.3 (-4.7, -4.0)* |
| Pain intensity on average (NPRS) | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 2.1 (-2.5, -1.8)* |
| Pain duration (months) | 69.8 ± 78.0 | 75.1 ± 77.9 | 67.9 ± 78.0 | 7.2 (-24.7, 7.8) |
| Chronic pain (> 3 months) | 444 (94.1%) | 118 (94.4%) | 326 (93.9%) | 208 (-5.4, 4.7%) |
| Functional limitations | ||||
| Functionality (PFPS) | 5.9 ± 2.5 | 7.1 ± 2.3 | 5.5 ± 2.5 | 1.6 (-2.1, -1.1)* |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, frequency (percent) and mean difference (95% confidence interval). Continuous and categorical variables were compared with t-tests and chi-square tests, respectively. Asterisks (*) represents a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Abbreviations; NPRS, Numerical Pain Rating Scale; PSFS, Patient-Specific Functional Scale.