Table 1.

Comparison of non-continuous and continuous production platforms utilizing compartmentalization for microtissue fabrication.

	Technique	Throughput	Dispersity	Microtissue size	Key material limitation	References
Non-continuous	Microwells	Limited due to 2D nature	Monodisperse	∼50–300 μm Ø	Surface tension; Hydrophilicity of substrate	[[4], [5], [6], [7]]
	Hanging-drop		Monodisperse	∼200 μm Ø	Surface tension; Hydrophilicity of substrate	[[9], [10], [11], [12], [13]]
	Micropatterning		Not applicable	–	Hydrophilicity of substrate	[[14], [15], [16],[90], [91], [92], [93]]
	Cell sheets			∼5–600 μm thickness	Hydrophilicity of substrate	[[17], [18], [19]]
	Molding			–	Hydrophilicity of substrate	[39,92]
	Photolithography			–	Often depends on UV crosslinking	[41,46]
Continuous	Droplet microfluidics	∼10−4 to 10−1 ml/min	Monodisperse	∼5–800 μm Ø	Surfactant use; Viscosity;	[27,48,[94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101]]
	Vibrating jet	∼10−1 to 100 ml/min	Monodisperse	∼20–300 μm Ø	Viscosity; need for rapid crosslinking	[102,103]
	Jet cutting	∼10–105 ml/min	Monodisperse	∼150 μm–1000 μm Ø	Viscosity	[104,105]
	Inkjet printing	∼10−3 to 10−1 ml/min	Monodisperse	∼30–80 μm Ø	Viscosity	[[106], [107], [108]]
	Air-induced spraying	∼10−1 to 10 ml/min	Polydisperse	∼5–1000 μm Ø	Viscosity	[[109], [110], [111]]
	Electrospraying	∼103 to 10 ml/min	Polydisperse	∼5–1000 μm Ø	Organic solvents	[[112], [113], [114]]