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Glycine betaine biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms. (A) The choline oxidation pathway in E. coli. BetA, choline dehydrogenase; BetB, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase. (B) The glycine methylation pathway in H. halochloris. GSMT, glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase; SDMT, sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase.
