FIG. 6.

Strategies recapitulating the Haversian canal or the spatial organization of Haversian canal and bone matrix. (A) “Double-ring” microgels assembled layer-by-layer by a “Bottom-up” technique, modified with permission from Du et al.¹⁶¹ (B) Replication of cortical bone by a casting technique, modified with permission from Despang et al.¹⁶⁷ (C) Spatial cell-laden fibers by an extrusion technique, modified with permission from Wei et al.¹⁶⁹ (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.7b00078. Further permissions related to the material excerpted should be directed to the ACS). (D) Replication of cortical bone by 3D printing, modified with permission from Zhang et al.¹⁷⁰