Table 1.
The average nutritional quality, environmental impact and costs aspects per 100 g foods and drinks in the DNFCS 2012–2016 by degree of processing
| Energy (kcal)/100 g | Mono and disaccharides (g)/100 g | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | ||||||
| All | 2159 | 243 | (235, 251) | 71 | 211 | 368 | 2159 | 10.7 | (10.0, 11.5) | 0.4 | 3.1 | 11.9 | |
| Foods | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 481 | 150 | (136, 164) | 36 | 105 | 189 | 481 | 4.9 | (4.0, 5.9) | 0.0 | 1.6 | 4.5 | |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 37 | 664 | (575, 752) | 396 | 737 | 899 | 37 | 23.8 | (10.2, 37.4) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 28.2 | |
| Processed | 358 | 249 | (228, 271) | 83 | 194 | 355 | 358 | 3.7 | (2.8, 4.5) | 0.0 | 0.6 | 4.0 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 1022 | 313 | (303, 323) | 194 | 302 | 413 | 1022 | 16.1 | (14.9, 17.4) | 1.3 | 5.3 | 25.3 | |
| Drinks | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD) | 82 | 75 | (50, 99) | 35 | 47 | 68 | 82 | 7.3 | (5.3 9.4) | 2.1 | 5.1 | 9.7 | |
| Processed | 18 | 83 | (59, 107) | 47 | 66 | 111 | 18 | 4.9 | (2.4, 7.5) | 0.9 | 3.1 | 6.0 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 161 | 67 | (54, 80) | 24 | 40 | 66 | 161 | 8.7 | (7.2, 10.3) | 3.9 | 7.4 | 10.8 | |
| Sodium (mg)/100 g | Saturated fatty acids (g)/100 g | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | ||||||
| All | 2159 | 325 | (284, 365) | 10 | 74 | 400 | 2159 | 4.4 | (4.1, 4.8) | 0.1 | 1.2 | 6.2 | |
| Foods | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 481 | 126 | (91, 160) | 5 | 25 | 75 | 481 | 1.9 | (1.5, 2.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.0 | |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 37 | 62 | (19, 105) | 0 | 0 | 10 | 37 | 19.2 | (12.5, 25.9) | 1.3 | 14.3 | 27.2 | |
| Processed | 358 | 398 | (334, 463) | 26 | 232 | 600 | 358 | 6.5 | (5.5, 7.5) | 0.1 | 2.6 | 9.7 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 1022 | 478 | (398, 558) | 50 | 240 | 524 | 1022 | 5.4 | (4.9, 5.8) | 0.6 | 2.6 | 8.3 | |
| Drinks | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed(MPD) | 82 | 51 | (29, 72) | 2 | 22 | 39 | 82 | 0.9 | (0.4, 1.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | |
| Processed | 18 | 6 | (2, 10) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 18 | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 161 | 19 | (14, 23) | 1 | 5 | 40 | 161 | 0.3 | (0.1, 0.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Fibre (g)/100 g | Protein (g)/100 g | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | ||||||
| All | 2159 | 2 | (1.8, 2.1) | 0 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 2159 | 7.1 | (6.7, 7.4) | 0.8 | 3.8 | 10.8 | |
| Foods | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 481 | 2.7 | (2.3, 3.1) | 0.0 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 481 | 8.9 | (8.1, 9.7) | 1.1 | 3.9 | 18.3 | |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 37 | 0.2 | (0.1, 0.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 37 | 0.3 | (0.1, 0.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | |
| Processed | 358 | 1.2 | (1.0, 1.5) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 358 | 9.5 | (8.3, 10.6) | 0.7 | 2.8 | 19.5 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 1022 | 2.3 | (2.1, 2.5) | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 1022 | 7.1 | (6.7, 7.5) | 2.1 | 5.8 | 10.0 | |
| Drinks | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD) | 82 | 0.4 | (0.2, 0.5) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 82 | 2.5 | (1.3, 3.6) | 0.4 | 1.0 | 2.2 | |
| Processed | 18 | 0.1 | (0.0, 0.2) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 18 | 0.2 | (0.1, 0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 161 | 0.4 | (0.1, 0.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 161 | 1.0 | (0.6, 1.4) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | |
| GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq)/100 g | Blue water use (m3)/100 g | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | ||||||
| All | 265 | 0.54 | (0.44, 0.64) | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 265 | 0.021 | (0.013, 0.029) | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.012 | |
| Foods | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 106 | 0.55 | (0.35, 0.74) | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.52 | 106 | 0.033 | (0.017, 0.049) | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.017 | |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 7 | 0.57 | (0.10, 1.04) | 0.11 | 0.50 | 1.22 | 7 | 0.060 | (0.070, 0.191) | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.018 | |
| Processed | 20 | 0.84 | (0.52, 1.16) | 0.27 | 0.85 | 1.10 | 20 | 0.036 | (0.010, 0.082) | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.012 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 98 | 0.62 | (0.49, 0.75) | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.64 | 98 | 0.008 | (0.007, 0.010) | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.011 | |
| Drinks | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD) | 13 | 0.11 | (0.06, 0.15) | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 13 | 0.008 | (0.002, 0.019) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | |
| Processed | 4 | 0.18 | (0.06, 0.30) | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 4 | 0.007 | (0.001, 0.013) | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.009 | |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 17 | 0.10 | (0.05, 0.14) | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 17 | 0.002 | (0.001, 0.002) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | |
| Food costs ( €)/100 g | |||||||||||||
| N | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | ||||||||||
| All | 993 | 0.65 | (0.57, 0.74) | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.80 | |||||||
| Foods | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 256 | 0.97 | (0.66, 1.29) | 0.20 | 0.48 | 1.09 | |||||||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 12 | 0.26 | (0.14, 0.38) | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.38 | |||||||
| Processed | 163 | 0.70 | (0.60, 0.79) | 0.23 | 0.54 | 0.98 | |||||||
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 458 | 0.55 | (0.51, 0.59) | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.72 | |||||||
| Drinks | |||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD) | 31 | 0.15 | (0.07, 0.24) | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.13 | |||||||
| Processed | 9 | 0.33 | (0.25, 0.41) | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.40 | |||||||
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 64 | 0.37 | (0.23, 0.52) | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.36 | |||||||