Table 3.
The average consumption, nutritional quality, environmental impact and food costs aspects per 2000 kilocalories consumed foods and drinks by degree of processing for the Dutch population
| Weight (g) | Energy (kcal) | |||||||||||
| Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value1 | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | |||||
| All | 3039 | (3006, 3073) | 2258 | 2801 | 3499 | 2000 | (2000, 2000) | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | ||
| Foods | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 442 | (434, 450) | 243 | 396 | 576 | 372 | (366, 379) | 215 | 346 | 489 | ||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 11 | (10, 11) | 1 | 6 | 16 | *** | 63 | (61, 65) | 7 | 40 | 93 | *** |
| Processed | 78 | (76, 80) | 34 | 65 | 108 | *** | 177 | (173, 181) | 83 | 155 | 246 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 456 | (452, 461) | 353 | 439 | 533 | *** | 1107 | (1099, 1115) | 928 | 1117 | 1292 | *** |
| Drinks | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 1510 | (1477, 1542) | 770 | 1304 | 1993 | 96 | (93, 99) | 11 | 71 | 144 | ||
| Processed | 106 | (100, 113) | 0 | 0 | 130 | *** | 62 | (59, 66) | 0 | 0 | 84 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 437 | (423, 450) | 93 | 314 | 669 | *** | 122 | (118, 127) | 7 | 76 | 186 | *** |
| Mono and disaccharides (g) | Sodium (mg) | |||||||||||
| Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | |||||
| All | 105 | (104, 107) | 77 | 102 | 130 | 2295 | (2275, 2315) | 1850 | 2189 | 2648 | ||
| Foods | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 19 | (19, 20) | 6 | 15 | 28 | 169 | (164, 175) | 57 | 114 | 207 | ||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 5 | (4, 5) | 0 | 0 | 5 | *** | 3 | (2, 3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | *** |
| Processed | 2 | (1, 2) | 0 | 0 | 2 | *** | 389 | (379, 398) | 156 | 320 | 538 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 42 | (41, 42) | 26 | 39 | 54 | *** | 1596 | (1578, 1614) | 1198 | 1521 | 1922 | *** |
| Drinks | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 12 | (12, 12) | 1 | 9 | 18 | 89 | (86, 92) | 24 | 62 | 125 | ||
| Processed | 1 | (1, 1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | *** | 4 | (4, 5) | 0 | 0 | 6 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 25 | (24, 26) | 0 | 14 | 37 | *** | 45 | (43, 47) | 1 | 17 | 61 | *** |
| SFA (g) | Fibre (g) | |||||||||||
| Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | |||||
| All | 28.2 | (28.0, 28.4) | 23.3 | 28.0 | 32.4 | 19.0 | (18.9, 19.2) | 15.0 | 18.4 | 22.4 | ||
| Foods | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 3.1 | (3.0, 3.2) | 0.9 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 6.4 | (6.2, 6.5) | 3.0 | 5.5 | 8.5 | ||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 1.6 | (1.5, 1.7) | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 | *** | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | *** |
| Processed | 6.4 | (6.2, 6.6) | 2.4 | 5.3 | 9.2 | *** | 0.8 | (0.8, 0.9) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 15.3 | (15.1, 15.5) | 11.3 | 15.1 | 18.8 | *** | 11.1 | (11.0, 11.2) | 8.5 | 10.9 | 13.4 | *** |
| Drinks | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 1.4 | (1.4, 1.5) | 0.0 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.2 | (0.2, 0.2) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | ||
| Processed | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | *** | 0.2 | (0.2, 0.2) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 0.4 | (0.4, 0.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | *** | 0.3 | (0.3, 0.3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | *** |
| Protein (g) | GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq) | |||||||||||
| Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | |||||
| All | 75.3 | (74.8, 75.9) | 63.1 | 72.6 | 85.2 | 4.72 | (4.69, 4.77) | 3.80 | 4.50 | 5.41 | ||
| Foods | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 23.2 | (22.7, 23.7) | 10.4 | 20.0 | 32.1 | 1.40 | (1.36, 1.43) | 0.59 | 1.09 | 1.85 | ||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | *** | 0.05 | (0.05, 0.05) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.06 | *** |
| Processed | 11.1 | (10.8, 11.4) | 4.5 | 9.3 | 15.6 | *** | 0.59 | (0.57, 0.60) | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.82 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 33.1 | (32.8, 33.4) | 25.4 | 32.1 | 39.5 | *** | 1.70 | (1.68, 1.73) | 1.08 | 1.53 | 2.14 | *** |
| Drinks | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 6.0 | (5.8, 6.1) | 1.1 | 3.8 | 9.2 | 0.55 | (0.53, 0.56) | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.77 | ||
| Processed | 0.3 | (0.3, 0.3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | *** | 0.13 | (0.12, 0.13) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | *** |
| vUltra-processed (UPD) | 1.7 | (1.6, 1.8) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | *** | 0.32 | (0.31, 0.33) | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.46 | *** |
| Blue water use (m3) | Food costs (€) | |||||||||||
| Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | Mean | (95%CI) | P25, P50, P75 | P-value | |||||
| All | 0.139 | (0.137, 0.141) | 0.084 | 0.120 | 0.171 | 4.32 | (4.27, 4.36) | 3.31 | 4.09 | 4.98 | ||
| Foods | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 0.048 | (0.046, 0.049) | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.061 | 1.32 | (1.29, 1.35) | 0.60 | 1.09 | 1.75 | ||
| Processed culinary ingredients | 0.007 | (0.006, 0.007) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | *** | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.03) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | *** |
| Processed | 0.009 | (0.008, 0.009) | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.009 | *** | 0.44 | (0.43, 0.46) | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.60 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPF) | 0.026 | (0.025, 0.026) | 0.017 | 0.024 | 0.031 | *** | 1.24 | (1.22, 1.25) | 0.90 | 1.19 | 1.51 | *** |
| Drinks | ||||||||||||
| Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF) | 0.038 | (0.037, 0.040) | 0.009 | 0.020 | 0.053 | 0.63 | (0.62, 0.65) | 0.28 | 0.53 | 0.85 | ||
| Processed | 0.004 | (0.004, 0.004) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | *** | 0.23 | (0.22, 0.25) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | *** |
| Ultra-processed (UPD) | 0.006 | (0.006, 0.007) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.008 | *** | 0.42 | (0.41, 0.44) | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.60 | *** |
1 Assesses the difference with the reference unprocessed or minimally processed food or drinks;
* < 0.05, ** < 0.01 *** < 0.001