Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and main features of hypertensive vs. non-hypertensive patients admitted due to coronavirus disease 2019.
| Variable | All population N = 849 |
Hypertensive N = 422 (49.7) |
Non-hypertensive N = 427 (50.3) |
Difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Female sex | 421 (49.6) | 421 (49.6) | 211 (49.4) | 0.003 (−0.064,0.071) |
| Age (years) | 68.2 ± 14.7 | 74.4 ± 12.2 | 62.1 ± 14.5 | −12.3 (−14.1, −10.5) |
| CKD | 59 (7) | 52 (12.4) | 7 (1.6) | −0.107 (−0.141, −0.073) |
| COPD | 164 (19.3) | 116 (27.5) | 48 (11.3) | −0.023 (−0.063, 0.018) |
| Diabetes | 346 (40.9) | 238 (56.4) | 108 (25.5) | −0.162 (−0.214, −0.110) |
| Dyslypidaemia | 347 (53.1) | 236 (46.7) | 111 (74.5) | −0.309 (−0.372, −0.246) |
| IHD | 70 (8.3) | 53 (12.6) | 17 (4) | −0.086 (−0.123, −0.050) |
| Treatment prior to admission | ||||
| Antiplatelets | 129 (15.2) | 89 (21.2) | 40 (9.4) | −0.119 (−0.167, −0.071) |
| ACEi | 147 (17.3) | 136 (32.2) | 11 (2.6) | −0.297 (−0.343, −0.250) |
| ARB | 176 (20.7) | 170 (40.3) | 6 (1.4) | −0.389 (−0.437, −0.341) |
| BB | 157 (18.5) | 124 (29.4) | 33 (7.7) | −0.216 (−0.267, −0.166) |
| CCB | 65 (12.6) | 59 (23) | 6 (2.3) | −0.206 (−0.261, −0.151) |
| Diuretics | 113 (21.9) | 99 (38.5) | 14 (5.4) | −0.331 (−0.397, −0.265) |
| Oral anticoagulation | 99 (11.7) | 73 (17.4) | 26 (6.1) | −0.113 (−0.156, −0.070) |
| RAASa | 330 (38.9) | 310 (73.5) | 20 (4.7) | −0.688 (−0.734, −0.641) |
| Statins | 295 (35.2) | 196 (46.8) | 99 (23.7) | −0.231 (−0.294, −0.168) |
| Main findings at admission | ||||
| Time from onset (days) | 7 [4–10] | 6 [3–9] | 7 [4–10] | −0.999 (−1.999, −0.00004) |
| Cough | 577 (69.2) | 264 (64.5) | 313 (73.6) | 0.091 (0.028,0.154) |
| Fever | 590 (75.4) | 286 (75.5) | 304 (75.4) | −0.001 (−0.061,0.060) |
| Positive RT-PCR | 822 (97.7) | 409 (97.6) | 413 (97.9) | 0.003 (−0.088,0.023) |
| Laboratory findings at admission | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 [12.1–14.5] | 13.1 [11.7–14.4] | 13.6 [12.4–14.7] | −0.400 (−0.699, −0.199) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 25 [9.1–89] | 36.3 [10–111.6] | 20 [7.6–67.8] | 7.269 (3.300, 12.199) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 [0.73–1.14] | 1 [0.8–1.4] | 0.8 [0.7–0.98] | 0.199 (0.150, 0.240) |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 775.5 [469–1490] | 927 [521–1702] | 672 [427–1236] | 172 (92.99, 257.00) |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 595 [298–1164.5] | 647 [320–1251] | 567 [265–1100] | 64.99 (−10.99, 141.00) |
| ALT (U/L) | 36 [25–56] | 36.5 [25–58] | 35 [25–55] | 0.999 (−1.999, 3.999) |
| AST (U/L) | 30 [19–53] | 28 [18–53] | 32 [21–54] | −3.00 (−6.001, −0.999) |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 23.4 [11.1–49.8] | 28 [13–55.8] | 20 [9.6–41.5] | 5.399 (1.999, 9.199) |
| LDH (U/L) | 298 [225–405] | 265 [206–331] | 357 [303–460] | 18.004 (0.00002, 35.999) |
| Lymphocytes (cells/mm3) | 920 [640–1300] | 860 [615–1260] | 965 [670–1360] | −80.004 (−150.005, −19.997) |
| Neutrophils (cells/mm3) | 4780 [3190–6850] | 5320 [3635–7410] | 4280 [2930–6120] | 880 (450, 1340) |
| Platelets (cells/mm3 × 103) | 193 [151–258] | 194 [147–251] | 193 [158–264] | 5 (−15.6) |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.11[0.06–0.28] | 0.13 [0.08–0.34] | 0.09 [0.05–0.2] | 0.030 (0.019, 0.040) |
| Specific COVID-19 treatment | ||||
| Azithromycin | 756 (93.8) | 375 (93.3) | 381 (94.3) | −0.010 (−0.023, 0.044) |
| Betaferon | 223 (27.6) | 114 (28.4) | 109 (26.9) | −0.014 (−0.076, 0.047) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 774 (95.7) | 377 (93.8) | 397 (97.5) | 0.038 (0.010, 0.066) |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 708 (87.4) | 340 (84.6) | 368 (90.2) | 0.056 (0.011, 0.162) |
| Non-specific COVID-19 treatment | ||||
| ACEi | 93 (11) | 77 (18.2) | 16 (3.7) | −0.145 (−0.116, −0.104) |
| ARB | 89 (10.5) | 83 (19.7) | 6 (1.4) | −0.183 (−0.222, −0.143) |
| Anticoagulationb | 321 (62.8) | 165 (64.7) | 156 (60.9) | −0.038 (−0.122,0.046) |
| BB | 85 (16.6) | 58 (22.7) | 27 (10.5) | −0.122 (−0.186, −0.058) |
| CCB | 79 (15.5) | 67 (26.3) | 12 (4.7) | −0.216 (−0.276, −0.156) |
| Corticosteroids | 293 (59.8) | 158 (64.8) | 135 (54.9) | −0.099 (−0.186, −0.012) |
| Diuretics | 165 (19.7) | 123 (29.6) | 42 (10) | −0.197 (−0.249, −0.144) |
| Statins | 70 (8.3) | 48 (11.5) | 22 (5.2) | −0.063 (−0.100, −0.026) |
| Main in-hospital outcomes | ||||
| LOS (days) | 9 [6–14] | 9 [6–14] | 9 [6–13] | 0.000003 (−0.00005, 1.00005) |
| ICU admission | 87 (10.5) | 45 (11) | 42 (10) | −0.010 (−0.052,0.032) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 72 (9.7) | 35 (9.7) | 37 (9.6) | −0.002 (−0.044,0.041) |
| Respiratory failure | 338 (41.6) | 199 (49.1) | 139 (34.1) | −0.151 (−0.218, −0.084) |
| All-cause mortality | 170 (22.7) | 120 (28.4) | 50 (11.7) | −0.167 (−0.220, −0.114) |
Abbreviations: ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BB: beta-blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ICU: intensive care unit; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LOS: length of stay; RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors; RT-PCR: reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction;
a
Includes ACEi, ARBs and aldosterone inhibitors.
b
Only includes complete doses.
Values are median (IQR), mean ± SD or n (%). Bold indicates significative differences.