Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and main features during admission of hypertensive hospitalized patients according to chronic anti-hypertensive baseline treatment.
| Variable | All population N = 422 |
Hypertensive with RAAS N = 310 (73.5) |
Hypertensive without RAAS N = 112 (26.5) |
Difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Female sex | 421 (49.6) | 163 (52.6) | 47 (42) | 0.106 (−0.002,0.214) |
| Age (years) | 74.4 ± 12.2 | 74 ± 11.7 | 75.2 ± 13.4 | 1.14 (−1.50,3.78) |
| CKD | 52 (12.4) | 34 (11) | 18 (16.1) | 0.051 (−0.021,0.122) |
| COPD | 44 (10.8) | 29 (9.6) | 15 (14) | 0.044 (−0.024,0.113) |
| Diabetes | 116 (27.5) | 83 (26.8) | 33 (29.5) | 0.027 (−0.070,0.124) |
| Dyslypidaemia | 238 (56.4) | 174 (56.1) | 64 (57.1) | 0.010 (−0.098,0.118) |
| IHD | 53 (12.6) | 39 (12.7) | 14 (12.5) | −0.002 (−0.074,0.071) |
| Treatment prior to admission | ||||
| Antiplatelets | 89 (21.2) | 67 (21.8) | 22 (19.6) | −0.022 (−0.111,0.067) |
| ACEi | 136 (32.2) | 136 (43.9) | 0 | −0.439 (−0.531, −0.346) |
| ARB | 170 (40.3) | 170 (54.8) | 0 | −0.548 (0.641, −0.456) |
| BB | 124 (29.4) | 86 (27.7) | 38 (33.9) | 0.062 (−0.037,0.161) |
| CCB | 59 (23) | 38 (20.7) | 21 (28.8) | 0.081 (−0.033,0.196) |
| Diuretics | 99 (38.5) | 78 (42.4) | 21 (28.8) | −0.136 (−0.268, −0.004) |
| Oral anticoagulation | 73 (17.4) | 48 (15.6) | 25 (22.3) | 0.067 (−0.015,0.150) |
| Statins | 196 (46.8) | 147 (47.7) | 49 (44.1) | −0.036 (−0.145,0.073) |
| Main findings at admission | ||||
| Time from onset (days) | 6 [3–9] | 6 [4–9] | 6 [3–10] | 0.0007 (−0.0001, 1.0001) |
| Cough | 264 (64.5) | 196 (65.3) | 68 (62.4) | −0.029 (−0.135,0.076) |
| Fever | 286 (75.5) | 206 (74.9) | 80 (76.9) | 0.020 (−0.078,0.118) |
| Positive RT-PCR | 822 (97.7) | 409 (97.6) | 413 (97.9) | −0.004 (−0.037,0.029) |
| Laboratory findings at admission | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 [11.7–14.4] | 13 [11.7–14.2] | 13.4 [11.8–14.5] | −0.200 (−0.699, 0.200) |
| C-Reactive protein (mg/L) | 36.3 [10–111.6] | 32 [10–109] | 42.7 [10.2–115.5] | −2.000 (−11.340, 4.299) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 [0.8–1.4] | 1 [0.8–1.5] | 1 [0.8–1.3] | 0.059 (−0.029, 0.140) |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 927 [521–1702] | 948 [530–1761] | 683 [469–1367] | 79 (−61.001, 230.004) |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 647 [320–1251] | 683 [334–1220] | 492 [294–1257] | 80 (−37.9, 207.0) |
| ALT (U/L) | 36.5 [25–58] | 37 [25–60] | 35 [26–50] | 1.001 (−3.005, 5.999) |
| AST (U/L) | 28 [18–53] | 30 [19–54] | 25 [14–54] | 4.999 (0.999, 9.001) |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 28 [13–55.8] | 28 [13–59] | 26 [13–50] | 1.799 (−4.599, 8.698) |
| LDH (U/L) | 265 [206–331] | 312 [226–442] | 297 [228–410] | 8.000 (−20.995, 37.993) |
| Lymphocytes (cells/mm3) | 860 [615–1260] | 890 [630–1250] | 800 [590–1270] | 30 (−70, 140) |
| Neutrophils (cells/mm3) | 5320 [3635–7410] | 5360 [3820–7375] | 4780 [3035–7160] | 369.9 (−440, 1150) |
| Platelets (cells/mm3 × 103) | 194 [147–251] | 202 [153–254] | 178 [138–238] | 19 (2, 36) |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.13 [0.08–0.34] | 0.13 [0.08–0.36] | 0.11 [0.07–0.29] | 0.010 (−0.010, 0.039) |
| Specific COVID-19 treatment | ||||
| Azithromycin | 375 (93.3%) | 275 (92.9%) | 100 (94.3%) | 0.014 (−0.046,0.070) |
| Betaferon | 114 (28.4%) | 83 (28%) | 31 (29.2%) | 0.011 (−0.089,0.111) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 377 (93.8%) | 280 (94.6%) | 97 (91.5%) | −0.031 (−0.089,0.023) |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | 340 (84.6%) | 253 (85.5%) | 87 (82.1%) | −0.034 (−0.117,0.046) |
| Non-specific COVID-19 treatment | ||||
| RAASa | 165 (39.1%) | 151 (48.7%) | 14 (12.5%) | −0.362 (−0.462,−0.262) |
| ACEi | 66 (18.2) | 66 (21.3) | 11 (9.8) | −0.115 (−0.198,−0.032) |
| ARB | 80 (19.7) | 80 (25.8) | 3 (2.7) | −0.231 (−0.315,−0.148) |
| Anticoagulationb | 165 (64.7) | 122 (66.7) | 43 (59.7) | −0.070 (−0.201,0.162) |
| BB | 58 (22.7) | 36 (19.7) | 22 (30.6) | 0.109 (−0.006,0.223) |
| CCB | 67 (26.3) | 49 (26.8) | 18 (25) | −0.018 (−0.139,0.103) |
| Corticosteroids | 158 (64.8) | 111 (63.1) | 47 (69.1) | 0.060 (−0.074,0.195) |
| Diuretics | 123 (29.6) | 93 (30.6) | 30 (27) | −0.036 (−0.135,0.064) |
| Statins | 48 (11.5) | 38 (12.4) | 10 (9) | −0.034 (−0.103,0.036) |
| Main in-hospital outcomes | ||||
| LOS (days) | 9 [6–14] | 9 [6–14] | 9 [6–16] | −0.0003 (−1.996,0.997) |
| ICU admission | 45 (11) | 36 (12) | 9 (8.1) | −0.039 (−0.103,0.024) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 35 (9.7) | 27 (10.3) | 8 (8.3) | −0.019 (−0.089,0.050) |
| Respiratory failure |
199 (49.1) |
138 (46.3) |
61 (57) |
0.107 (−0.004,0.218) |
| All-cause mortality | 120 (28.4) | 80 (25.8) | 40 (35.7) | 0.099 (0.002,0.197) |
| All population N = 219 |
Hypertensive with only RAAS N = 156 (71%) |
Hypertensive without RAAS N = 63 (29%) |
Difference (95% CI), % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOS (days) | 9 [6–15] | 10 [7–15] | 8 [5–13] | 1.0005 (−0.0002,2.9995) |
| ICU admission | 28 (13.1) | 23 (15.2) | 5 (8.1) | −0.072 (−0.172,0.029) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 20 (10.6) | 15 (10.9) | 5 (9.8) | −0.011 (−0.112,0.089) |
| Respiratory failure | 100 (42.7) | 68 (45) | 32 (52.5) | 0.074 (−0.075,0.224) |
| All-cause mortality | 56 (25.6) | 30 (19.2) | 26 (41.3) | 0.220 (0.095,0.346) |
| All population N = 310 |
Hypertensive with RAAS-onc N = 151 (48.7%) |
Hypertensive RAAS-offc N = 159 (51.3%) |
Difference (95% CI), % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOS (days) | 9 [6–14] | 9 [6–14] | 9 [6–15] | 0.0003 (−1.0003, 1.9996) |
| ICU admission | 36 (12) | 11 (7.3) | 25 (16.8) | 0.094 (0.021,0.168) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 27 (10.3) | 7 (5.3) | 20 (15.2) | 0.098 (0.025,0.171) |
| Respiratory failure | 100 (42.7) | 59 (40.7) | 79 (51.6) | 0.109 (−0.004,0.223) |
| All-cause mortality | 80 (25.8) | 32 (21.2) | 48 (30.2) | 0.090 (−0.008,0.188) |
Abbreviations: ACEi: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BB: Beta-blockers; CCB: Calcium channel blockers; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ICU: Intensive care unit; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LOS: Length of stay; RAAS: Rening angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; RT-PCR: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction;
a
Includes ACEi, ARB and aldosterone inhibitors.
b
Only includes complete doses.
c
Hypertensive patients with or without RAAS inhibitors during hospitalization that took them before admission.
Values are median (IQR), mean ± SD or n (%). Bold indicates significative differences.