Table 3.
Baseline Characteristics and main features of the matched hypertensive cohort with chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers with COVID-19.
| Variable | ACEi-Onb N = 92 |
ACEi-Offb N = 92 |
Difference (95% CI) | ARB-Onb N = 95 |
ARB-offb N = 95 |
Difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Female sex | 36 (39) | 39 (42) | −0.033 (−0.184,0.119) | 34 (36) | 38 (40) | −0.040 (−0.181,0.097) |
| Age (years) | 73 ± 11 | 74 ± 13 | −1.476 (−4.5171.559) | 73 ± 12 | 75 ± 12 | −2.41 (−5.81,0.99) |
| CKD | 4 (4.3) | 8 (9) | −0.043 (−0.104,0.017) | 13 (14) | 14 (15) | −0.010 (−0.111,0.09) |
| COPD | 9 (10) | 12 (11) | −0.011 (−0.095,0.073) | 11 (12) | 10 (11) | 0.010 (−0.80,0.101) |
| Diabetes | 19 (21) | 21 (23) | −0.022 (−0.119, 0.075) | 29 (31) | 30 (32) | −0.010 (−0.144,0.123) |
| Dyslypidaemia | 53 (58) | 50 (54) | 0.033 (−0.110, 0.175) | 52 (55) | 54 (57) | 0.280 (−0.164,0.122) |
| IHD | 12 (13) | 13 (14) | −0.011 (−0.100, 0.79) | 10 (11) | 10 (11) | 0.000 (−0.088,0.088) |
| Treatment prior to admission | ||||||
| BB | 26 (28.3) | 33 (35.9) | −0.076 (−0.200,0.048) | 25 (26.3) | 33 (34.7) | −0.084 (−0.216,0.048) |
| CCB | 10 (15.6) | 17 (26.6) | −0.109 (−0.264,0.046) | 15 (24.2) | 20 (32.3) | −0.081 (−0.235,0.084) |
| Diuretics | 19 (29.7) | 19 (29.7) | 0.000 (−0.160, 0.160) | 38 (61.3) | 17 (27.4) | 0.339 (0.142,0.480) |
| Oral anticoagulation | 13 (14.1) | 19 (20.7) | −0.065 (−0.175,0.045) | 15 (16.1) | 22 (23.7) | −0.076 (−0.185,0.044) |
| Statins | 47 (51.1) | 37 (40.2) | 0.109 (−0.016, 0.233) | 41 (43.6) | 41 (43.6) | 0.000 (−0.149,0.149) |
| Laboratory findings at admission | ||||||
| C-Reactive protein (mg/L) | 57.2 [13.8–127] | 42.7 [8.6–119] | 4.399 (−6.879,21.500) | 31.8 [8.4–110] | 42.1 [10.3–123.5] | 3.899 (−4.409, 20.300) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.95 [0.80–1.20] | 0.96 [0.77–1.125] | 0.010 (−0.080,0.100) | 0.99 [0.77–1.38] | 0.98 [0.77–1.39] | −0.009 (−0.110,0.100) |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 901[485.7–1622.2] | 866 [459–1367.5] | 26 (−159,202) | 892[455.5–1991] | 882.5 [483.2–1404.2] | −25.36 (−235,177) |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 845[382–1553] | 492 [274.7–1260.2] | 195.99 (19,416) | 554.5 [258.5–1100] | 492 [300.2–1270.7] | 33 (−117,177) |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 30.8 [10.6–62.5] | 25 [12.7–41.9] | 1.899 (−6.500,12.003) | 24.5 [11.6–47] | 27 [14.3–52] | 2.6 (−5.8,9.9) |
| LDH (U/L) | 314[259.5–440] | 292 [224–408] | 30 (−9.9,67.0) | 279 [205–420] | 285 [225–377] | 6.99 (−3042) |
| Lymphocytes (cells/mm3) | 920 [642.5–1237.5] | 885[600–1300] | 10 (−130,160) | 1000 [640–1340] | 840 [620–1270] | −60 (−21,080) |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.13 [0.06–0.27] | 0.11[0.07–0.31] | −0.0001 (−0.030,0.031) | 0.11 [0.06–0.32] | 0.11[0.07–0.40] | 0.009 (−0.020, 0.039) |
| Specific COVID-19 treatment | ||||||
| Azithromycin | 83 (91.2) | 85 (94.4) | −0.002 (−0.052,0.076) | 88 (94.6) | 85 (94.4) | 0.002 (−0.059,0.097) |
| Betaferon | 30 (33) | 27 (30) | 0.030 (−0.055,0.175) | 25 (26.9) | 25 (27.8) | −0.009 (−0.189,0.078) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 88 (96.7) | 82 (91.1) | 0.056 (−0.060,0.084) | 88 (94.6) | 85 (94.4) | 0.002 (−0.059,0.097) |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | 81 (89) | 73 (81.1) | 0.079 (−0.044,0.165) | 80 (6) | 74 (82.2) | 0.038 (−0.151,0.091) |
| Non-specific COVID-19 treatment | ||||||
| ACEi | 44 (47.8) | 8 (8.7) | 0.391 (0.281,0.502) | 1 (1.1) | 10 (10.5) | −0.094 (−0.029,−0.161) |
| ARB | 0 (0) | 3 (3.3) | −0.033 (−0.070,0.004) | 46 (48.4) | 2 (2.1) | 0.463 (0.357,0.589) |
| Anticoagulationa | 41 (65.1) | 38 (60.3) | 0.048 (−0.148,0.242) | 42 (68.9) | 37 (60.7) | 0.082 (−0.089,0.251) |
| BB | 15 (23.8) | 21 (33.3) | −0.095 (−0.221,0.030) | 10 (16.4) | 18 (29.5) | −0.131 (−0.263,0.038) |
| CCB | 11 (17.5) | 15 (23.8) | −0.063 (−0.213,0.086) | 21 (34.4) | 17 (27.9) | −0.065 (−0.246,0.085) |
| Corticosteroids | 43 (74.1) | 39 (66.1) | 0.000 (−0.195,0.195) | 29 (55.8) | 41 (73.2) | −0.174 (−0.275,0.078) |
| Diuretics | 21 (23.3) | 21 (23.3) | 0.000 (−0.113,0.113) | 33 (35.5) | 27 (29) | 0.065 (−0.071,0.198) |
| Statins | 13 (14.4) | 8 (8.9) | 0.055 (−0.041,0.152) | 15 (16.1) | 10 (10.8) | 0.053 (−0.045,0.151) |
| Main in-hospital outcomes | ||||||
| ICU admission | 11 (12) | 8 (8.4) | 0.004 (−0.087,0.081) | 13 (14) | 8 (9) | 0.050 (−0.037,0.146) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 8 (9.6) | 7 (8.8) | 0.008 (−0.051,0.026) | 11 (13) | 7 (9) | 0.040 (−0.052,0.141) |
| Respiratory failure All-cause mortality |
48 (52.2) 20 (21.1) |
47 (52.2) 33 (34.7) |
0.000 (−0.170,0.170) −0.136 (−0.279, −0.047) |
31 (33) 20 (22) |
46 (51) 36 (35) |
−0.180 (−0.320,−0.035) −0.130 (−0.297,−0.039) |
| RAAS-onc N = 45 |
RAAS-offc N = 47 |
Difference (95% CI) | RAAS-onc N = 47 |
RAAS-offc N = 48 |
Difference (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOS (days) | 10 [6–17] | 9 [6–13] | 1.00 (−1.00, 4.00) | 7 [6–11] | 7 [4–14.5] | −6.11 (−3.00, 2.00) |
| ICU admission | 3 (6.8) | 5 (11.1) | −0.043 (−0.164,0.079) | 3 (6.4) | 10 (21.7) | −0.153 (−0.294,0.013) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2 (5) | 3 (8.1) | −0.031 (−0.144,0.082) | 2 (5) | 9 (20.5) | −0.155 (−0.296,0.013) |
| Respiratory failure | 22 (53.7) | 23 (48.9) | 0.048 (−0.167,0.262) | 9 (19.6) | 22 (46.8) | −0.272 (−0.460,0.084) |
| All-cause mortality | 8 (17.8) | 12 (25.5) | −0.077 (−0.250,0.094) | 5 (10.6) | 15 (31.3) | −0.207 (−0.369,0.044) |
Abbreviations: ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BB: beta-blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU: intensive care unit; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LOS: length of stay.
a
Only includes complete doses.
b
Does not include patients with ARBs and vice versa.
c
Hypertensive patients with or without RAAS inhibitors during hospitalization that took them before admission;
Values are median (IQR), mean ± SD or n (%). Bold indicates significant differences.