Table 4:

Neural network of the urine cytology.

Author and year	Number of cases	Study design	Comments
Pantazopoulos et al. 1997	UCC 255 case, 210 benign cases	Lower urinary tract. The data from the images of the cells were used to make an ANN	About 97% cases were diagnosed correctly
Vriesema et al.[33] 2000	85 cases consisting of benign, low grade and high grade UCC	The digitized cell images of the slides of bladder wash cytology were used for neural network analysis	The ANN based technology was able to diagnose successfully the benign and malignant cases
Muralidaran et al.[6] 2015	115 cases; 59 UCC and 56 benign cases	Back propagation ANN model was designed as 17-11-3 (17 input nodes, 11 hidden nodes and three output nodes). Nuclear area, diameter, perimeter, standard deviation of nuclear area, and integrated gray density along with detailed cytological features were used as input nodes	all the benign and malignant cases were diagnosed correctly. However, one of the low grade cases was diagnosed as high grade UCC by ANN model

UCC: Urothelial cell carcinoma, ANN: Artificial neural network