Fig. 10. Fluid mixing with artificial cilia. (a) Fluid mixing with electrostatically actuated artificial cilia: (i) design of Y-shape microfluidic channel, (ii) optical image of the Y-shaped microfluidic device with two inlets for pumping in liquids and one outlet, (iii and iv) snapshots from a mixing experiment using dyed silicone oils; the mixing is complete within 1.5 cycles traveling distance in the main flow direction. Reproduced from ref. 6 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Fluid mixing with MAC: (i) design of T-shape microfluidic channel, (ii) and (iii) SEM image of the MAC, (iv and v) snapshots from a mixing experiment using glycerol aqueous dye solutions; the insert shows the trajectory made by the cilia tip. Reproduced with permission from Chen 2013. Reproduced from ref. 141 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.