Table 2.

Summary of dialysis intervention study characteristics and VC outcome

Author and Year	Type of Study	Study Duration (months)	Participant	Intervention (Participants at Baseline)	Comparator (Participants at Baseline)	VC as Primary or Secondary End Point	VC Imaging	VC Site	VC Outcome
Mune 199943	RCT	24	HD	Vitamin E–coated cellulose membrane dialyser (CL-E), n=25	Unmodified cellulose membrane dialyser, n=25	Secondary	CT	Aorta	Less progression with intervention
Zhang 201444	Non-RCT	24	HD	High DCa 1.75 mmol/L, n=285	Standard DCa 1.5 mmol/L, n=223	Secondary	X-ray, echo	Aortic arch, abdominal aorta, cardiac valve	No VC attenuation. Only aortic arch is reported (increased serum Ca with DCa 1.75)
Fu 201545	RCT	12	HD	High-flux HD, n=25	Low flux HD, n=25	Primary	X-ray lateral	Abdominal aorta	Less progression with intervention
Lu 201646	RCT	12	HD	Low DCa 1.25 mmol/L, n=41	Standard DCa 1.5 mmol/L, n=41	Secondary	X-ray lateral	Abdominal aorta	Less progression with intervention (lower serum Ca with DCa 1.25)
Ok 201647	RCT	24	HD	Low DCa 1.25 mmol/L, n=212	High DCa 1.75 mmol/L, n=213	Primary	CT	Coronary	Less progression with intervention (lower serum Ca with DCa 1.25)
Voiculet 201648	RCT	12	HD	Interdialytic NaHCO3 5 g, n=29. (Reduce HCO3− fluctuations)	No interdialytic NaHCO3, higher intradialytic NaHCO3, n=34	Secondary	X-ray	Coronary	Less progression with intervention
Kim 201749	RCT	12	HD	Low DCa 1.25 mmol/L, n=36	Standard DCa 1.5 mmol/L, n=40	Primary	CT	Coronary	No significant VC attenuation (no difference in serum Ca between groups)
Masterson 201750	RCT	12	Nocturnal HD	Low DCa 1.3 mmol/L, n=24	High DCa 1.6 or 1.75 mmol/L, n=26	Secondary	CT	Abdominal aorta, superficial femoral artery	No significant VC attenuation at all sites (lower serum Ca in DCa 1.3)

DCa, dialysate calcium; HD, hemodialysis.