Table 7.
Summary of magnesium and vitamin K study characteristics and VC outcome
| Author and Year | Type of Study | Study Duration (months) | Participant | Intervention (Participants at Baseline) | Comparator (Participants at Baseline) | VC as Primary or Secondary End Point | VC Imaging | VC Site | VC Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spiegel 200973 | Non-RCT | 18 | HD | Mg/CaCO3, n=7 | No control group | Primary | EB-CT | Coronary artery | Less progression with magnesium (P=0.07) |
| Tzanakis 201474 | RCT | 12 | HD | MgCO3 + calcium acetate, n=36 | Calcium acetate, n=36 | Primary | X-ray | Hands, abdomen, pelvis, femur | Less progression with magnesium. No detail on each site (increased serum Mg with MgCO3) |
| Sakaguchi 201975 Prematurely terminated due to significant efficacy of MgO | RCT 2 × 2 factorial | 24 | CKD stage 3–4 | MgO + AST-120, n=35 MgO + control, n=28 | Control + AST-120, n=35 Control + control, n=25 | Primary | CT | Coronary artery, thoracic aorta | MgO but not AST-120 appeared to slow VC progression in coronary artery but not thoracic aorta (increased serum Mg with MgO) |
| Kurnatowska 201576 | RCT | 9 (270 days) | CKD stage 3–5 | Vitamin K2 + cholecalciferol, n=29 | Cholecalciferol 10 μg, n=13 | Primary | CT | Coronary artery | No significant VC attenuation |
| Li 201777 | RCT | 3 | HD | Vitamin K dialysis buffer, n=50 | No vitamin K dialysis buffer, n=50 | Primary | CT | Coronary artery | Less progression with vitamin K dialysate |
| Oikonomaki 201978 | RCT | 12 | HD | Vitamin K2 daily, n=44 | No vitamin K2, n=58 | Primary | CT | Abdominal aorta | No significant VC attenuation |
| De Vriese 202079 (Valkyrie) | RCT | 18 | HD with atrial fibrillation | Rivaroxaban + vitamin K2 3×/week postdialysis, n=42 | Rivaroxaban daily alone, n=46 | VKA continued or initiated, n=44 | Primary | CT | Coronary artery, thoracic aorta, cardiac valve | No significant VC attenuation at all sites |
| Witham 202080 (K4Kidneys) | RCT | 12 | CKD stage 3b–4 | Vitamin K2 daily, n=80 | Placebo, n=79 | Secondary | X-ray lateral | Abdominal aorta | No significant VC attenuation |
| Levy-Schousboe 202181 (RenaKvit) | RCT | 24 | HD | Vitamin K2, n=24 | Placebo, n=24 | Secondary | CT for heart, x-ray for aorta | Coronary, aortic valve, mitral valve, abdominal aorta | No significant VC attenuation at all sites |
HD, hemodialysis; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.