Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants
| Total | Female | Male | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,259 | 536 | 723 | |
| Age (years) | 59 (55–64) | 60 (55–64) | 58 (54–63) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (months) | 123.00 (53.0–185.0) | 124.5 (62.0–188.0) | 116.0 (45.8–174.5) | 0.014 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.47±3.27 | 24.64±3.60 | 24.34±2.99 | 0.109 |
| WC (cm) | 89 (83–95) | 88.00 (82.00–94.00) | 89.00 (84.00–95.00) | 0.030 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.4 (7.9–11.2) | 9.5 (7.9–11.2) | 9.4 (7.9–11.2) | 0.885 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.18 (1.30–3.68) | 2.38 (1.52–4.09) | 2.00 (1.17–3.36) | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.45 (1.04–2.18) | 1.53 (1.10–2.22) | 1.39 (0.99–2.14) | 0.010 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.55 (3.80–5.51) | 4.90 (3.92–5.77) | 4.40 (3.76–5.22) | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.00 (0.85–1.20) | 1.04 (0.89–1.25) | 0.96 (0.82–1.14) | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.44 (1.91–3.16) | 2.56 (1.93–3.32) | 2.38 (1.90–3.02) | 0.002 |
| Arm LM (kg) | 5.47 (4.49–6.37) | 5.09 (4.17–6.08) | 5.80 (4.81–6.55) | <0.001 |
| Leg LM (kg) | 13.93 (12.24–15.48) | 13.43 (11.56–15.08) | 14.31 (12.78–15.75) | <0.001 |
| Truncal LM (kg) | 22.50 (19.40–25.10) | 21.10 (18.40–24.30) | 23.50 (20.50–25.70) | <0.001 |
| Arm FM (kg) | 1.90 (1.40–2.70) | 2.00 (1.38–2.90) | 1.90 (1.40–2.58) | 0.037 |
| Leg FM (kg) | 4.60 (3.70–5.60) | 4.60 (3.60–5.80) | 4.60 (3.80–5.60) | 0.405 |
| Truncal FM (kg) | 8.70 (6.40–11.10) | 8.80 (6.40–11.70) | 8.60 (6.40–10.80) | 0.075 |
| Total FLR | 0.36 (0.26–0.48) | 0.39 (0.29–0.53) | 0.35 (0.27–0.45) | <0.001 |
| Total LM | 42.12 (35.87–47.62) | 39.18 (33.69–45.54) | 44.24 (38.25–48.76) | <0.001 |
| Lumbar spine BMD | 1.100 (0.963–1.225) | 1.058 (0.929–1.199) | 1.125 (0.992–1.237) | <0.001 |
| Femoral neck BMD | 0.902 (0.796–1.003) | 0.882 (0.778–0.981) | 0.941 (0.818–1.020) | <0.001 |
| Total hip BMD | 0.956 (0.859–1.061) | 0.941 (0.833–1.045) | 0.970 (0.873–1.072) | 0.001 |
| Current smoker (yes, %) | 296 (23.51) | 6 (1.12) | 289 (22.95) | <0.001 |
| Current drinker (yes, %) | 445 (35.35) | 22 (4.10) | 423 (39.97) | <0.001 |
| Fish intake (yes, %) | 715 (56.79) | 280 (52.24) | 435 (60.17) | 0.006 |
Notes: Data are the mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), and n (%). The t-test and Chi-squared test were used to compare female and male groups.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LM, lean mass; FM, fat mass; total FLR, total fat mass/lean mass ratio.