Table 3.

Findings of Sampled Anti-Infective Drugs from Various African Countries

Country	Investigated Medicine and Findings	Refer
Benin	Imidazole antiparasitic medicines: A study showed that 38.3% of drugs from the informal market did not conform with pharmaceutical and physicochemical tests, while only 3.4% from the formal market did not conform with these tests.	[98]
Burkina Faso	Antimalarial drugs: 12% of the samples had a substandard concentration of the API, 5% showed a very poor disintegration rate, and one sample did not contain any API.	[99]
Ethiopia	Anthelmintic medicine: The results on visual inspection did not show any sign of counterfeit, all samples conform with all the tests conducted which include disintegration test, mass uniformity tests, and the test on amount of active ingredient.	[100]
Gabon	Antimalarial drugs: The results showed that 2 out of 432 samples failed the Minilab semi-quantitative tests, in which one was falsified, and one was substandard.	[101]
Malawi	Antimalarial drugs: The samples passed the visual inspection test but a detailed analysis with HPLC showed that 88.4% of the samples failed the quality test either by the presence of excessive or insufficient API.	[102]
Nigeria	Artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs: Content analysis of the samples showed that 90.8% were of acceptable quality, 6.8% substandard, 1.3% degraded, and 1.2% were falsified.	[103]
South Africa	Amoxicillin (single or in combination with clavulanic acid), analgesics (paracetamol alone or in combination with other drugs): The results of the study showed that 55.4% of the sample were able to fulfill all pharmacopeial requirements for quality, most of the failing sample failed a visual inspection test, 5.4% failed the dissolution test, and 4.8% failed the content uniformity test.	[104]
Togo	Antibiotics and medicine for non-communicable diseases: The sampled medicine was kept as suggested by the manufacturer and then shipped to the University of Tuebingen, Germany, for analysis using HPLC and pharmacopeia analysis. Seven (8%) samples did not comply with pharmacopeial specifications and none of the sample was falsified.	[105]
Sudan	Antimalarial drugs: The results showed that most samples from the public sector failed compared with the private sector, whereby 84% did not pass the visual inspection tests, 9% did not comply with assay testing, and 7% failed the dissolution test.	[106]