Table 2.
Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Inpatients with CRPA Infection
| Variable | CRPA | CSPA | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 155) | (N = 445) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age (Years), Median (IQR) | 83 (74.0–89.0) | 80 (71.0–86.0) | NA | 0.013 | ||
| Age in year, n (%) | ||||||
| 65–74 | 24 (15.5) | 17 (11.0) | 0.672 (0.346–1.308) | 0.241 | ||
| 75–84 | 72 (46.5) | 103 (66.5) | 2.283 (1.443–3.614) | 0.001 | 0.458 (0.263–0.800) | 0.006 |
| ≥85 | 59 (38.1) | 35 (22.6) | 0.475 (0.289–0.780) | 0.003 | ||
| Male sex, n (%) | 99 (63.9) | 89 (57.4) | 0.763 (0.483–1.205) | 0.245 | ||
| Quarter, n (%) | ||||||
| January-March | 50 (32.3) | 61 (39.4) | 1.363 (0.855–2.172) | 0.193 | ||
| April-June | 33 (21.3) | 28 (18.1) | 0.815 (0.465–1.429) | 0.475 | ||
| July-September | 38 (24.5) | 34 (21.9) | 0.865 (0.510–1.467) | 0.591 | ||
| October-December | 34 (21.9) | 32 (20.6) | 0.926 (0.537–1.595) | 0.781 | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 101 (65.2) | 53 (34.2) | 0.278 (0.174–0.444) | <0.001 | 3.517 (2.054–6.021) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 100 (64.5) | 76 (49.0) | 0.529 (0.336–0.834) | 0.006 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 53 (34.2) | 34 (21.9) | 0.541 (0.326–0.896) | 0.016 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 49 (31.6) | 27 (17.4) | 0.456 (0.267–0.780) | 0.004 | ||
| Cardiac dysfunction | 28 (18.1) | 16 (10.3) | 0.522 (0.270–1.010) | 0.051 | ||
| Renal dysfunction | 23 (14.8) | 20 (12.9) | 0.850 (0.446–1.621) | 0.622 | ||
| Biliary tract disease | 12 (7.7) | 16 (10.3) | 1.372 (0.626–3.004) | 0.428 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 15 (9.7) | 19 (12.3) | 1.304 (0.637–2.671) | 0.467 | ||
| Malignancy | 8 (5.2) | 14 (9.0) | 1.824 (0.743–4.482) | 0.184 | ||
| Admitted to Intensive care unit, n (%) | 26 (16.8) | 12 (7.7) | 0.416 (0.202–0.859) | 0.015 | ||
| Duration of (CR/CS) PA infection occurrence (days), median (IQR) | 3.8 (2–4) | 3.3 (2–4) | NA | 0.190 | ||
| Prior surgery (within 90 days), n (%) | 10 (24.5) | 7 (14.2) | 0.686 (0.254–1.885) | 0.619 | ||
| Receiving invasive operation, n (%) | ||||||
| Nasogastric tube | 78 (50.3) | 48 (31.0) | 0.443 (0.279–0.704) | 0.001 | ||
| Foley catheter | 59 (38.1) | 32 (20.6) | 0.423 (0.255–0.702) | <0.001 | 2.073 (1.135–3.784) | 0.018 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 35 (22.6) | 18 (11.6) | 0.450 (0.243–0.837) | 0.010 | ||
| Central venous catheter | 23 (14.8) | 16 (10.3) | 0.661 (0.334–1.305) | 0.231 | ||
| Length of hospital stay (days), n (%) | ||||||
| < 7 | 4 (2.6) | 8 (5.2) | 2.054 (0.606–6.969) | 0.239 | ||
| 7–13 | 54 (34.8) | 74 (47.7) | 1.709 (1.082–2.698) | 0.021 | ||
| ≥ 14 | 97 (62.6) | 66 (42.6) | 0.443 (0.281–0.699) | <0.001 | 1.980 (1.154–3.399) | 0.013 |
| Laboratory findings, n (%) | ||||||
| C-reactive protein 10–30 mg/L | 42 (27.1) | 33 (21.3) | 0.728 (0.431–1.228) | 0.233 | ||
| C-reactive protein > 30 mg/L | 111 (71.6) | 87 (56.1) | 0.507 (0.316–0.813) | 0.005 | ||
| White blood cell count > 9.5 × 109/L | 62 (40.0) | 52 (33.5) | 0.757 (0.477–1.203) | 0.239 | ||
| Mild anemia (hemoglobin 90–120 g/L) | 124 (80.0) | 98 (63.2) | 0.430 (0.258–0.717) | 0.001 | ||
| Moderate anemia (hemoglobin 60~90 g/L) | 4 (2.6) | 2 (1.3) | 0.493 (0.089–2.734) | 0.684 | ||
| Neutrophil percentage > 75% | 87 (56.1) | 81 (52.3) | 0.856 (0.547–1.338) | 0.494 | ||
| Albumin < 35 g/L | 100 (64.5) | 67 (43.2) | 0.419 (0.265–0.662) | <0.001 | 2.049 (1.121–3.746) | 0.020 |
| Co-carriage, n (%) | ||||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 28 (18.1) | 12 (7.1) | 0.381 (0.186–0.780) | 0.007 | ||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 27 (17.4) | 18 (11.6) | 0.623 (0.327–1.185) | 0.147 | ||
| Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae | 17 (11.0) | 10 (6.5) | 0.560 (0.248–1.265) | 0.159 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 9 (5.8) | 3 (1.9) | 0.320 (0.085–1.206) | 0.138 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 5 (3.2) | 5 (3.2) | 1.000 (0.284–3.526) | 0.992 | ||
| Previous antibiotic exposure (within 30 days), n (%) | ||||||
| Combination of antibiotics | 52 (33.5) | 36 (23.2) | 0.599 (0.363–0.988) | 0.044 | ||
| Quinolones | 26 (16.8) | 21 (13.5) | 0.778 (0.417–1.451) | 0.428 | ||
| Carbapenems | 22 (14.2) | 3 (1.9) | 0.119 (0.035–0.408) | <0.001 | 7.022 (1.861–26.493) | 0.004 |
| Third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins | 21 (13.5) | 2 (1.3) | 0.083 (0.019–0.362) | <0.001 | 12.649 (2.473–64.690) | 0.002 |
| Macrolides antibiotics | 15 (9.7) | 20 (12.9) | 1.383 (0.680–2.812) | 0.370 | ||
| Glycopeptides | 6 (3.9) | 1 (0.6) | 0.161 (0.019–1.356) | 0.121 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 4 (2.6) | 2 (1.3) | 0.493 (0.089–2.734) | 0.684 | ||
Notes: Data are expressed as n (%) of patients for categorical variables and median for continuous as appropriate. Bold face indicates values that are significant (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: CRPA, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; CSPA, carbapenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available.