Table 1.
The Basic Demographic Characteristics, Influencing Factors for COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, and Mental and Psychological Characteristics of the 721 Respondents in the Survey
| Characteristics | Total Participants (n=721), n (%) | Awareness of COVID-19 Vaccine | pa | Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine | pa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n=146), n (%) | Moderate (n=291), n (%) | High (n=284), n (%) | Unwilling (n=18), n (%) | Willing (n=630), n (%) | Attitude Changed (From Unwilling to Willing) (n=73), n (%) | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, years | 0.311 | 0.007* | |||||||
| 18–19 | 262 (36.3) | 49 (33.6) | 118 (40.5) | 95 (33.4) | 10 (55.6) | 231 (36.7) | 21 (28.8) | ||
| 20–21 | 358 (49.7) | 77 (52.7) | 138 (47.4) | 143 (50.4) | 2 (11.1) | 315 (50.0) | 41 (56.1) | ||
| 22–23 | 101 (14.0) | 20 (13.7) | 35 (12.1) | 46 (16.2) | 6 (33.3) | 84 (13.3) | 11 (15.1) | ||
| Gender | <0.001** | 0.610 | |||||||
| Male | 224 (31.1) | 22 (15.1) | 94 (32.3) | 108 (38.0) | 6 (33.3) | 199 (31.6) | 19 (26.0) | ||
| Female | 497 (68.9) | 124 (84.9) | 197 (67.7) | 176 (62.0) | 12 (66.7) | 431 (68.4) | 54 (74.0) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.011* | 0.345 | |||||||
| The Han group | 685 (95.0) | 138 (94.5) | 269 (92.4) | 278 (97.9) | 16 (88.9) | 600 (95.2) | 69 (94.5) | ||
| The minority ethnic group | 36 (5.0) | 8 (5.5) | 22 (7.6) | 6 (2.1) | 2 (11.1) | 30 (4.8) | 4 (5.5) | ||
| Region of residence | 0.085 | 0.100 | |||||||
| Rural | 278 (38.6) | 49 (33.6) | 126 (43.3) | 103 (36.3) | 6 (33.3) | 252 (40.0) | 20 (27.4) | ||
| Urban | 443 (61.4) | 97 (66.4) | 165 (56.7) | 181 (63.7) | 12 (66.7) | 378 (60.0) | 53 (72.6) | ||
| College major | 0.870 | 0.006* | |||||||
| Non-medicine | 483 (67.0) | 99 (67.8) | 197 (67.7) | 187 (65.8) | 7 (38.9) | 219 (34.8) | 12 (16.4) | ||
| Medicine | 238 (33.0) | 47 (32.2) | 94 (32.3) | 97 (34.2) | 11 (61.1) | 411 (65.2) | 61 (83.6) | ||
| Grade level | 0.012* | 0.410 | |||||||
| Junior grade | 222 (30.8) | 38 (26.0) | 111 (38.1) | 73 (25.7) | 7 (38.9) | 197 (31.3) | 18 (24.7) | ||
| Middle grade | 303 (42.0) | 65 (44.5) | 113 (38.8) | 125 (44.0) | 5 (27.8) | 261 (41.4) | 37 (50.6) | ||
| Senior grade | 196 (27.2) | 43 (29.5) | 67 (23.1) | 86 (30.3) | 6 (33.3) | 172 (27.3) | 18 (24.7) | ||
| University location | 0.559 | 0.677 | |||||||
| Less developed regions | 314 (43.5) | 62 (42.5) | 134 (46.0) | 118 (41.5) | 7 (38.9) | 280 (44.5) | 27 (37.0) | ||
| Developing regions | 188 (26.1) | 43 (29.4) | 74 (25.5) | 71 (25.0) | 4 (22.2) | 164 (26.0) | 20 (27.4) | ||
| Developed regions | 219 (30.4) | 41 (28.1) | 83 (28.5) | 95 (33.5) | 7 (38.9) | 186 (29.5) | 26 (35.6) | ||
| Relatives with medical background | 0.132 | 0.841 | |||||||
| No | 86 (11.9) | 77 (52.7) | 155 (53.3) | 129 (45.4) | 1 (5.6) | 75 (11.9) | 10 (13.7) | ||
| Non-immediate relatives | 274 (38.0) | 47 (32.2) | 105 (36.1) | 122 (43.0) | 6 (33.3) | 240 (38.1) | 28 (38.4) | ||
| Immediate relatives | 361 (50.1) | 22 (15.1) | 31 (10.6) | 33 (11.6) | 11 (61.1) | 315 (50.0) | 35 (47.9) | ||
| Influencing factors for COVID-19 vaccine awareness and acceptance | |||||||||
| Satisfaction with current state of pandemic control | 0.014* | 0.003* | |||||||
| No | 72 (10.0) | 17 (11.6) | 38 (13.1) | 17 (6.0) | 6 (33.3) | 57 (9.0) | 9 (12.3) | ||
| Yes | 649 (90.0) | 129 (88.4) | 253 (86.9) | 267 (94.0) | 12 (66.7) | 573 (91.0) | 64 (87.7) | ||
| The perceived likelihood of a COVID-19 pandemic rebound | 0.008* | 0.381 | |||||||
| No | 467 (64.8) | 82 (56.2) | 206 (70.8) | 179 (63.0) | 9 (50.0) | 412 (65.4) | 46 (63.0) | ||
| Yes | 254 (35.2) | 64 (43.8) | 85 (29.2) | 105 (37.0) | 9 (50.0) | 218 (34.6) | 27 (37.0) | ||
| Knowledge of the vaccine’s side-effects | 0.064 | 0.165 | |||||||
| No | 328 (45.5) | 73 (50.0) | 141 (48.5) | 114 (40.1) | 5 (27.8) | 294 (46.7) | 29 (39.7) | ||
| Yes | 393 (54.5) | 73 (50.0) | 150 (51.5) | 170 (59.9) | 13 (72.2) | 336 (53.3) | 44 (60.3) | ||
| The impact of others’ evaluation | 0.018* | 0.534 | |||||||
| Unaffected | 238 (33.0) | 62 (42.5) | 96 (33.0) | 80 (28.2) | 7 (38.9) | 202 (32.1) | 29 (39.7) | ||
| Moderately affected | 397 (55.1) | 73 (50.0) | 163 (56.0) | 161 (56.7) | 10 (55.6) | 349 (55.4) | 38 (52.1) | ||
| Completely affected | 86 (11.9) | 11 (7.5) | 32 (11.0) | 43 (15.1) | 1 (5.5) | 79 (12.5) | 6 (8.2) | ||
| Whether there were relatives involved in the fight against COVID-19 | 0.011* | 0.191 | |||||||
| No | 401 (55.6) | 53 (36.3) | 123 (42.3) | 144 (50.7) | 10 (55.6) | 284 (45.1) | 26 (35.6) | ||
| Yes | 320 (44.4) | 93 (63.7) | 168 (57.7) | 140 (49.3) | 8 (44.4) | 346 (54.9) | 47 (64.4) | ||
| The preferred vaccination channel | 0.063 | <0.001** | |||||||
| Community and others | 35 (4.9) | 11 (7.5) | 16 (5.5) | 8 (2.8) | 7 (38.9) | 20 (3.2) | 8 (11.0) | ||
| School | 546 (75.7) | 101 (69.2) | 228 (78.3) | 217 (76.4) | 5 (27.8) | 496 (78.7) | 45 (61.6) | ||
| Hospital | 140 (19.4) | 34 (23.3) | 47 (16.2) | 59 (20.8) | 6 (33.3) | 114 (18.1) | 20 (27.4) | ||
| The number of sources of COVID-19 information | <0.001** | 0.336 | |||||||
| ≤ 2 | 290 (40.2) | 70 (47.9) | 135 (46.4) | 85 (29.9) | 11 (61.1) | 250 (39.7) | 29 (39.7) | ||
| 2–4 | 310 (43.0) | 55 (37.7) | 127 (43.6) | 128 (45.1) | 6 (33.3) | 270 (42.8) | 34 (46.6) | ||
| 4–6 | 121 (16.8) | 21 (14.4) | 29 (10.0) | 71 (25.0) | 1 (5.6) | 110 (17.5) | 10 (13.7) | ||
| The acceptable cost-range of the vaccine to consumers | 0.588 | 0.017* | |||||||
| Free | 131 (18.1) | 28 (19.2) | 50 (17.2) | 53 (18.7) | 7 (38.9) | 102 (16.2) | 22 (30.1) | ||
| ≤ 200 RMB | 451 (62.6) | 89 (61.0) | 192 (66.0) | 170 (59.8) | 7 (38.9) | 404 (64.1) | 40 (54.8) | ||
| 201– 400 RMB | 93 (12.9) | 17 (11.6) | 32 (11.0) | 44 (15.5) | 2 (11.1) | 83 (13.2) | 8 (11.0) | ||
| > 400 RMB | 46 (6.4) | 12 (8.2) | 17 (5.8) | 17 (6.0) | 2 (11.1) | 41 (6.5) | 3 (4.1) | ||
| Concerns about differences in vaccine manufacturers | 0.048* | 0.007* | |||||||
| No | 368 (51.0) | 74 (50.7) | 158 (54.3) | 136 (47.9) | 11 (61.1) | 307 (48.7) | 50 (68.5) | ||
| Yes | 167 (23.2) | 28 (19.2) | 57 (19.6) | 82 (28.9) | 3 (16.7) | 158 (25.1) | 6 (8.2) | ||
| Neutral | 186 (25.8) | 44 (30.1) | 76 (26.1) | 66 (23.2) | 4 (22.2) | 165 (26.2) | 17 (23.3) | ||
| Frequency of mask wearing | 0.134 | 0.358 | |||||||
| Not or occasionally | 94 (13.0) | 20 (13.7) | 43 (14.8) | 31 (10.9) | 4 (22.2) | 80 (12.7) | 10 (13.7) | ||
| Public only | 265 (36.8) | 55 (37.7) | 105 (36.1) | 105 (37.0) | 4 (22.2) | 230 (36.5) | 31 (42.4) | ||
| Frequently | 233 (32.3) | 44 (30.1) | 104 (35.7) | 85 (29.9) | 4 (22.2) | 208 (33.0) | 21 (28.8) | ||
| All the time | 129 (17.9) | 27 (18.5) | 39 (13.4) | 63 (22.2) | 6 (33.3) | 112 (17.8) | 11 (15.1) | ||
| Acceptance of current state-approved vaccines | <0.001** | <0.001** | |||||||
| Low acceptance | 57 (8.0) | 16 (11.0) | 32 (11.0) | 9 (3.2) | 6 (33.4) | 39 (6.1) | 12 (16.4) | ||
| Moderate acceptance | 102 (14.1) | 12 (8.2) | 50 (17.2) | 40 (14.1) | 4 (22.2) | 81 (12.9) | 17 (23.3) | ||
| High acceptance | 562 (77.9) | 118 (80.8) | 209 (71.8) | 235 (82.7) | 8 (44.4) | 510 (81.0) | 44 (60.3) | ||
| Mental and psychological characteristics | |||||||||
| Insomnia level | 0.015* | 0.639 | |||||||
| No clinically significant insomnia | 403 (55.9) | 165 (58.1) | 83 (56.8) | 155 (53.3) | 12 (66.7) | 354 (56.2) | 37 (50.7) | ||
| Subthreshold insomnia | 201 (27.9) | 62 (21.8) | 41 (28.1) | 98 (33.7) | 5 (27.8) | 169 (26.8) | 27 (37.0) | ||
| Clinical insomnia (moderate to severe) | 88 (12.2) | 39 (13.7) | 19 (13) | 30 (10.3) | 1 (5.5) | 80 (12.7) | 7 (9.6) | ||
| Clinical insomnia (severe) | 29 (4.0) | 18 (6.4) | 3 (2.1) | 8 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (4.3) | 2 (2.7) | ||
| Anxiety level | 0.126 | 0.654 | |||||||
| No anxiety | 352 (48.8) | 133 (45.7) | 75 (51.4) | 144 (50.7) | 8 (44.4) | 306 (48.6) | 38 (52.1) | ||
| Mild anxiety | 221 (30.7) | 103 (35.4) | 41 (28.1) | 77 (27.1) | 9 (50.0) | 193 (30.6) | 19 (26.0) | ||
| Moderate anxiety | 103 (14.3) | 44 (15.1) | 20 (13.7) | 39 (13.7) | 1 (5.6) | 91 (14.4) | 11 (15.1) | ||
| Severe anxiety | 45 (6.2) | 11 (3.8) | 10 (6.8) | 24 (8.5) | 0 (0.0) | 40 (6.4) | 5 (6.8) | ||
Notes: ap values were calculated using chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test; *p < 0.05, **p <0.001.