Dehydration of organic solvents using PVA membranes.
| Solution–water mixture (mass ratio) | Membrane | Cross-linker | Flux (g m−2 h−1) | Separation factor | Temperature (°C) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isopropanol/water (90 : 10) | PVA | Glutaraldehyde | 40 | 21 | 30 | 7 |
| Isopropanol/water (90 : 10) | PVA | UFS solution | 95 | 77 | 30 | 8 |
| Isopropanol/water (80 : 20) | PVA | Thermally cross-linked | 140 | 40 | 50 | 9 |
| Acetic acid/water (90 : 10) | PVA | Glutaraldehyde | 100 | 9 | 30 | 10 |
| Acetic acid/water (90 : 10) | PVA | — | 37.1 | 11.61 | 45 | 11 |
| Acetic acid/water (90 : 10) | PVA | Malic acid | 48 | 670 | 40 | 12 |
| Tetrahydrofuran/water (95 : 5) | PVA | UFS solution | 210 | 210 | 30 | 8 |
| Ethanol/water (azeotrope) | PVA | — | 120 | 10 | 60 | 13 |
| Ethanol/water (90 : 10) | PVA | Dimethylolurea | 120 | 115 | 60 | 14 |
| Ethanol/water (90 : 10) | PVA | Glutaraldehyde | 95 | 77.3 | 30 | 15 |
| Ethanol/water (80 : 20) | PVA | Thermally cross-linked | 183 | 15.5 | 50 | 9 |
| Ethanol/water (95 : 5) | PVA (GFT 1510/2510) | Malic acid | 600 | 258 | 60 | 16 |