Table 1. Homemade models by modality.
“Very inexpensive” indicates that the cost of construction was less than $20. “Inexpensive” indicates that the cost of construction was between $20 and $50. “More expensive” indicates that the cost of construction was between $50 and $150.
| Modality | Bulking agent | Reference | Cost | Additional materials |
| Foreign body identification | Meat (chicken or turkey breast) | Sultan et al. [14] | Very inexpensive | Embedded target (pimiento olives) |
| Foreign body identification | Tofu | Sultan et al. [14] | Very inexpensive | Embedded target (wood and wire) |
| Foreign body identification | Meat (SPAM) | Nolting et al. [13] | Very inexpensive | Embedded target (wood, needles, or cotton) |
| Foreign body identification | Gelatin | Qurash et al. [15] | Very inexpensive | Embedded target (corn starch and gelatin) |
| Foreign body identification | Ballistic gel | Wichtel et al. [12] | Inexpensive | Embedded target (silicone candy mold and silicone) |
| IV injection | Meat (chicken or turkey breast) | Rippey et al. [16] | Very inexpensive | Vessels (modeling balloon, thin-walled silicon tubing, and latex silicone tubing) |
| IV injection | Meat (SPAM) | Nolting et al. [13] | Very inexpensive | Vessels (index finger of a latex glove) |
| IV injection | Tofu | Johnson [17] | Very inexpensive | Vessels (modeling balloon) |
| IV injection | Gelatin | Kocharyan et al. [18] | Very inexpensive | Vessels (Penrose drain, ¾ and ¼ inch) |
| IV injection | Ballistic gel | Morrow et al. [19] | Inexpensive | Vessels (8-mm internal diameter latex tubing) |
| Ocular ultrasound | Gelatin | Murphy et al. [20] | Very inexpensive | Globe (ping pong ball), optic sheath (clear vinyl tubing) |
| Ocular ultrasound | Gelatin | Hajat et al. [21] | Very inexpensive | Globe (ping pong ball), optic sheath (3-mm pediatric microcuffed endotracheal tube) |
| Ocular ultrasound | Gelatin | Jafri et al. [22] | Very inexpensive | Globe (vending machine capsule), optic sheath (ECG lead) |
| Ocular ultrasound | Gelatin | Cuévas Gonzales [23] | Very inexpensive | Globe (1-mm-thick aluminum rod) |
| Lumbar puncture | Gelatin | Bellingham et al. [24] | More expensive | Spine model |
| Lumbar puncture | Ballistic gel | Morrow et al. [19] | Inexpensive | Spine model |