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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: FEBS J. 2021 Dec 1;289(9):2613–2627. doi: 10.1111/febs.16291

Figure 1. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in HEK293 cells supported by different forms of vitamin K.

Figure 1

(A) Core structures of K vitamins. K1, vitamin K1 (phylloquinone); K2, vitamin K2 (menaquinones); K3, vitamin K3 (menadione). (B) VKD carboxylation in FIXgla-PC/HEK293 reporter cells supported by K1, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and K3. FIXgla-PC/HEK293 reporter cells were incubated with a cell culture medium containing increasing concentrations (0.015 nM to 1000 nM) of K vitamins for 24 hours. Carboxylation activity was evaluated by determining the carboxylated reporter-protein FIXgla-PC using ELISA. (C) VKD carboxylation supported by menaquinones in FIXgla-PC/HEK293 reporter cells. FIXgla-PC/HEK293 reporter cells were cultured with increasing concentrations of menaquinones with 1 (MK-1), 2 (MK-2), 3 (MK-3), 4 (MK-4), or 7 (MK-7) isoprene units as the side chain at the 3-position. Reporter-protein FIXgla-PC carboxylation was determined as described in the legend of Figure 1B.