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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2022 Jan 21;62:101592. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101592

Fig. 1. — (A) The LC sends ubiquitous projections over most of the brain including the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and neocortex.

(B) Relationships between the LC and other sleep-wake centers. Purple dots represent nuclei which send projections to the LC; green dots represent nuclei which receive inputs from the LC; orange dots represent nuclei which both send and receive projections from the LC. LC efferences () target cholinergic and GABAergic neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), GABAergic neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) in the anterior hypothalamus, orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR), and cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) nucleus. LC afferences ( ) arise from orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), GABAergic neurons of the VLPO, histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR), cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), and dopaminergic neurons of the periaqueductal grey matter (PG). All nuclei are positioned for illustrative purpose and may not reflect their precise anatomical location. 5-HT=serotonin; ACh=acetylcholine; BF=basal forebrain; DA=dopamine; DR=dorsal raphe; LC=locus coeruleus; LDT=laterodorsal tegmentum; LH=lateral hypothalamus; NE=norepinephrine; PG=periaqueductal grey matter; PPT=pedunculopontine tegmentum; TMN=tuberomammillary nucleus; VLPO=ventrolateral preoptic area; VTA=ventral tegmental area.

Inline graphic — (A) The LC sends ubiquitous projections over most of the brain including the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and neocortex.

(B) Relationships between the LC and other sleep-wake centers. Purple dots represent nuclei which send projections to the LC; green dots represent nuclei which receive inputs from the LC; orange dots represent nuclei which both send and receive projections from the LC. LC efferences () target cholinergic and GABAergic neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), GABAergic neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) in the anterior hypothalamus, orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR), and cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) nucleus. LC afferences ( ) arise from orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), GABAergic neurons of the VLPO, histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR), cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), and dopaminergic neurons of the periaqueductal grey matter (PG). All nuclei are positioned for illustrative purpose and may not reflect their precise anatomical location. 5-HT=serotonin; ACh=acetylcholine; BF=basal forebrain; DA=dopamine; DR=dorsal raphe; LC=locus coeruleus; LDT=laterodorsal tegmentum; LH=lateral hypothalamus; NE=norepinephrine; PG=periaqueductal grey matter; PPT=pedunculopontine tegmentum; TMN=tuberomammillary nucleus; VLPO=ventrolateral preoptic area; VTA=ventral tegmental area.