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. 2022 May 3;12:7136. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11294-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Subgroup analysis between experienced cardiac surgeons and sonographers. Blue represents the cardiac surgeon group, and red represents the sonographer group. The correctness of diagnosis results with CT and echocardiography, with blood pool 3D prints and echocardiography, and with myocardial 3D prints and echocardiography showed the difference of accuracy under three different diagnostic methods, it showed that 3D printing improved the diagnosis slightly. In the survey about the importance of 3D printing, the cardiac surgeons think more than sonographers that 3D printing is important for the diagnosis of CHDs. The importance of 3D printing for the diagnosis of each case showed the demand for 3D printing at different levels, which showed a difference between complex CHDs and simple CHDs. In the survey of which model is better for the diagnosis of the disease, the cardiac surgeon group showed a preference for myocardial models than the sonographer group.