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. 2022 May 3;5:408. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03339-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Working model of the selection process for body mass over 180 generations in Titan animals. The long selection process resulted in the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that caused a shift in the transcriptome and proteome, ultimately leading to alterations in metabolic processes such as lipid metabolism. The selection resulted in morphological changes in various tissues such as fat, pancreas, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. These overall changes resulted in giant and extremely obese mice, while unselected mice stemming retained similar characteristics compared to the original mouse colony.