Fig. 2. Some common surface modification of nanocellulose: (clockwise from top-right) sulfuric acid treatment provides sulfate esters, carboxylic acid halides create ester linkages, acid anhydrides create ester linkages, epoxides create ether linkages, isocyanates create urethane linkages, TEMPO mediated hypochlorite oxidation creates carboxylic acids, halogenated acetic acids create carboxymethyl surfaces, and chlorosilanes create an oligomeric silylated layer. Reproduced with permission from ref. 29; published by The Royal Society of Chemistry.
