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. 2022 May 3;12:7131. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11333-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of the polymorphism of a portion of the glutathione S-transferase epsilon 2 (GSTe2) gene. (a) Allele frequency distribution, (b) ML phylogenetic tree of GSTe2 gene fragment with previously recorded haplotypes in An. funestus s.s. across Africa, (c) Templeton-Crandall Sing (TCS) haplotype network. The rectangles and ovals represent haplotypes with the lines linking haplotypes showing a single mutation event. (d) Aligned sequence traces showing the mutational differences/polymorphic positions in the haplotypes detected in Kenyan An. longipalpis C/An. funestus s.s.* indicates polymorphic positions.