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. 2022 May 3;11(1):22. doi: 10.1038/s41389-022-00398-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Red arrows indicate pathological activation. Within the tumor microenvironment, classically activated neutrophils hold antitumor functions, whereas immunosuppressive polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells drive tumor-promoting inflammation associated with poor oncological outcomes. The majority of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells differentiate into TAM and inflammatory dendritic cells contributing to immune suppression and chronic inflammation, DC dendritic cell, GMP granulocyte-macrophage progenitor, IDC inflammatory dendritic cell, M macrophage, MB myeloblast, MDP monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cell progenitor, MM meta-myelocyte, M-MDSC monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell, PMN-MDSC, polymorphnuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell, TAM tumor-associated macrophage. TME tumor microenvironment.