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. 2022 May 3;11(1):22. doi: 10.1038/s41389-022-00398-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — MDSCs inhibit CD4 and CD8 T cells while inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Through matrix metalloproteinases, MDSC promotes angiogenesis and enhances metastasis through anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-β and IL-10. Through IL-10, MDSCs also modulate dendritic cells and macrophages. ARG1 Arginase-1, ECM extracellular matrix, EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition, INOS inducible nitric oxide synthetase, MMP metalloproteinase, GM-CSF granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, PG prostaglandin E, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor.