Table 2.
Overall (n =260) |
Boys (n = 144) |
Girls (n = 116) |
p-valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parental Characteristics | ||||
Maternal Age (years) | 32.2 ± 4.4 (0) |
32 ± 4.6 (0) |
32.3 ± 4.2 (0) |
0.4 |
Paternal Age (years) | 33.5 ± 5.5 (2.3) |
33.1 ± 5.9 (2.8) |
34.1 ± 5 (1.7) |
0.063 |
Maternal Smoking Status | >0.9 | |||
No Smoking During Pregnancy | 246 (94.6) | 135 (93.8) | 111 (95.7) | |
Any Smoking During Pregnancy | 11 (4.2) | 7 (4.9) | 4 (3.4) | |
Missing | 3 (1.2) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.9) | |
Maternal Education | 0.3 | |||
No Postgraduate Education | 155 (59.6) | 91 (63.2) | 64 (55.2) | |
Any Postgraduate Education | 99 (38.1) | 49 (34) | 50 (43.1) | |
Missing | 6 (2.3) | 4 (2.8) | 2 (1.7) | |
Parity | 0.8 | |||
Nulliparous | 122 (46.9) | 70 (48.6) | 52 (44.8) | |
Parous | 135 (51.9) | 72 (50) | 63 (54.3) | |
Missing | 3 (1.2) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.9) | |
Child Characteristics | ||||
Gestational Age (weeks) | 39.5 ± 1.7 (0) |
39.4 ± 1.8 (0) |
39.6 ± 1.5 (0) |
0.4 |
Breast Feeding Duration (months) | 11 ± 8.5 (5) |
10.6 ± 7.9 (5.6) |
11.5 ± 9.3 (4.3) |
0.7 |
Child Age at BASC-2 (years) | 3.2 ± 0.3 (0) |
3.2 ± 0.3 (0) |
3.1 ± 0.2 (0) |
0.8 |
Delivery Mode | 0.2 | |||
Vaginal Delivery | 178 (68.5) | 92 (63.9) | 86 (74.1) | |
Caesarean Delivery | 78 (30) | 49 (34) | 29 (25) | |
Missing | 4 (1.5) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.9) | |
Early-life Exclusive Breast Feeding | >0.9 | |||
Not Exclusively Breastfed at Six Weeks | 105 (40.4) | 58 (40.3) | 47 (40.5) | |
Exclusively Breastfed at Six Weeks | 121 (46.5) | 67 (46.5) | 54 (46.6) | |
Missing | 34 (13.1) | 19 (13.2) | 15 (12.9) | |
BASC-2 Scales | ||||
Hyperactivity | 47.2 ± 6.9 | 48.3 ± 6.6 | 45.8 ± 7.1 | 0.003* |
Externalizing Problems | 46.6 ± 6.8 | 47.6 ± 6.4 | 45.3 ± 7 | 0.002* |
Anxiety | 50.4 ± 8.4 | 50.1 ± 8.4 | 50.8 ± 8.5 | 0.4 |
Depression | 48 ± 7.5 | 48.2 ± 7.3 | 47.6 ± 7.7 | 0.5 |
Internalizing Problems | 47.6 ± 7.6 | 47.8 ± 7.5 | 47.3 ± 7.7 | 0.7 |
Attention Problems | 47.4 ± 6.8 | 48.6 ± 6.2 | 45.9 ± 7.2 | 0.005* |
Behavioral Symptoms Index | 46 ± 6.7 | 46.8 ± 6.4 | 44.9 ± 7 | 0.015* |
Social Skills | 56.6 ± 7.4 | 55 ± 7.5 | 58.6 ± 6.8 | <0.001* |
Developmental Social Disorders | 44.9 ± 6.4 | 46.3 ± 6.6 | 43.1 ± 5.6 | <0.001* |
Adaptive Skills Composite | 54.9 ± 7.3 | 53.1 ± 7.2 | 57.2 ± 6.7 | <0.001* |
P-value for difference between boys and girls. Calculated with Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher’s exact tests.
Indicates statistically significant difference between boys and girls.