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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Res. 2021 Nov 4;92(2):580–591. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01785-z

Table 2.

Characteristics of participants included in any analysis [mean ± SD (% missing) or n (%)]

Overall
(n =260)
Boys
(n = 144)
Girls
(n = 116)
p-valuea
Parental Characteristics
Maternal Age (years) 32.2 ± 4.4
(0)
32 ± 4.6
(0)
32.3 ± 4.2
(0)
0.4
Paternal Age (years) 33.5 ± 5.5
(2.3)
33.1 ± 5.9
(2.8)
34.1 ± 5
(1.7)
0.063
Maternal Smoking Status >0.9
 No Smoking During Pregnancy 246 (94.6) 135 (93.8) 111 (95.7)
 Any Smoking During Pregnancy 11 (4.2) 7 (4.9) 4 (3.4)
 Missing 3 (1.2) 2 (1.4) 1 (0.9)
Maternal Education 0.3
 No Postgraduate Education 155 (59.6) 91 (63.2) 64 (55.2)
 Any Postgraduate Education 99 (38.1) 49 (34) 50 (43.1)
 Missing 6 (2.3) 4 (2.8) 2 (1.7)
Parity 0.8
 Nulliparous 122 (46.9) 70 (48.6) 52 (44.8)
 Parous 135 (51.9) 72 (50) 63 (54.3)
 Missing 3 (1.2) 2 (1.4) 1 (0.9)
Child Characteristics
Gestational Age (weeks) 39.5 ± 1.7
(0)
39.4 ± 1.8
(0)
39.6 ± 1.5
(0)
0.4
Breast Feeding Duration (months) 11 ± 8.5
(5)
10.6 ± 7.9
(5.6)
11.5 ± 9.3
(4.3)
0.7
Child Age at BASC-2 (years) 3.2 ± 0.3
(0)
3.2 ± 0.3
(0)
3.1 ± 0.2
(0)
0.8
Delivery Mode 0.2
 Vaginal Delivery 178 (68.5) 92 (63.9) 86 (74.1)
 Caesarean Delivery 78 (30) 49 (34) 29 (25)
 Missing 4 (1.5) 3 (2.1) 1 (0.9)
Early-life Exclusive Breast Feeding >0.9
 Not Exclusively Breastfed at Six Weeks 105 (40.4) 58 (40.3) 47 (40.5)
 Exclusively Breastfed at Six Weeks 121 (46.5) 67 (46.5) 54 (46.6)
 Missing 34 (13.1) 19 (13.2) 15 (12.9)
BASC-2 Scales
Hyperactivity 47.2 ± 6.9 48.3 ± 6.6 45.8 ± 7.1 0.003*
Externalizing Problems 46.6 ± 6.8 47.6 ± 6.4 45.3 ± 7 0.002*
Anxiety 50.4 ± 8.4 50.1 ± 8.4 50.8 ± 8.5 0.4
Depression 48 ± 7.5 48.2 ± 7.3 47.6 ± 7.7 0.5
Internalizing Problems 47.6 ± 7.6 47.8 ± 7.5 47.3 ± 7.7 0.7
Attention Problems 47.4 ± 6.8 48.6 ± 6.2 45.9 ± 7.2 0.005*
Behavioral Symptoms Index 46 ± 6.7 46.8 ± 6.4 44.9 ± 7 0.015*
Social Skills 56.6 ± 7.4 55 ± 7.5 58.6 ± 6.8 <0.001*
Developmental Social Disorders 44.9 ± 6.4 46.3 ± 6.6 43.1 ± 5.6 <0.001*
Adaptive Skills Composite 54.9 ± 7.3 53.1 ± 7.2 57.2 ± 6.7 <0.001*
a

P-value for difference between boys and girls. Calculated with Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher’s exact tests.

*

Indicates statistically significant difference between boys and girls.