Table 4.

Standardized Beta Estimates for Full Path Model by Maternal Demographic Risk Group

	Parameter estimate
Pathway	AM	LEM	HEM
Child regulation 4m → male	−.05	−.11	−.06
Child regulation 8m → male	.06	−.01	−.02
Child regulation 18m → male	−.11	−.06	−.14
Child regulation 30m → male	−.10	−.17	−.10
Child regulation 4m → child regulation 8m	.34**	.55***	.67***
Child regulation 8m → child regulation 18m	−.03	.08	.03
Child regulation 18m → child regulation 30m	.15	.01	.22
Positive parenting 4m → positive parenting 8m	.53***	.57***	.56***
Positive parenting 8m → positive parenting 18m	.54***	.50***	.71***
Parenting stress 6m → parenting stress 12m	.71***	.54***	.68***
Parenting stress 12m → parenting stress 24m	.56***	.71***	.76***
Parenting stress 6m → positive parenting 8m	−.20**	−.04	−.20*
Parenting stress 12m → positive parenting 18m	−.01	−.18	−.04
Positive parenting 4m → parenting stress 6m	−.18*	−.16	−.08
Positive parenting 8m → parenting stress 12m	.06	−.17	.01
Positive parenting 18m → parenting stress 24m	.11	−.16	−.15
Positive parenting 4m → child regulation 4m	.04	−.04	.03
Positive parenting 8m → child regulation 8m	.09	.02	−.02
Positive parenting 18m → child regulation 18m	.19**	.33**	.20
Child regulation 4m → parenting stress 6m	−.06	−.03	.07
Child regulation 8m → parenting stress 12m	.08	.01	.05
Child regulation 18m → parenting stress 24m	−.03	−.07	.01
Positive parenting 4m → child regulation 8m	−.03	−.01	−.12*
Positive parenting 8m → child regulation 18m	−.01	.30	.17
Positive parenting 18m → child regulation 30m	.18*	.40***	.06
Parenting stress 6m → child regulation 8m	−.13	.04	−.01
Parenting stress 12m → child regulation 18m	−.18*	−.02	.06
Parenting stress 24m → child regulation 30m	−.19	.08	.17

Note. AM = adolescent mother, LEM = adult low-educated mother, HEM = adult high-educated mother.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .001.

^***p < .0001.