Fig. 5.

Joule heating performance of CCM e-skin by applying DC voltage. a Diagram of measurement setup for Joule heating using an IR camera. b Temperature profiles of CCM e-skin with various MXene content at an input voltage of 20 V. c Temperature profiles of CCM e-skin as a function of time at various input voltages. d The steady-state temperature of the CCM-0.5 e-skin as a function of the square of voltage. e Recorded temperature mapping of the CCM-0.5 e-skin at different strain levels. f Fitting curve of the variation in temperature with an initial temperature of 60 °C. g Temperature profiles of the CCM-0.5 e-skin under a stepwise increased voltage from 10 to 25 V. The insets display the thermal images of the CCM-0.5 e-skin at different voltages. h Heating stability test of the CCM-0.5 e-skin upon repeated applied voltage of 15 V. i Long-term temperature variation curve at an input voltage of 20 V for the electrical heaters CCM-0.5 e-skin. The insets are thermal images of the CCM-0.5 e-skin at 200, 6000, and 8000 s