Table 1.

An overview on recently reported nanomaterial-based optical methods for the determination of HPV

Analyte	Nanomaterials	Transducer	Biomarker	Limit of detection	Determination	Reference
HPV-16	PtS2 nanosheets	PEG-PtS2 fluorescence biosensor	HPV-16e6 gene fragment	~ 0.44 nM	Fluorescence (0.5 h)	[20]
HPV-16	AgNCs	DNA-templated AgNCs	DNAzyme	~ 5.7 pM	Fluorescence (> 7 h)	[21]
HPV-16/18	Nanodiamonds	Spermine-modified nanodiamonds	Electrostatic interaction	~ 5 nM	Mass spectrometry (2 h)	[19]
HPV	Gold nanoparticles	A silicon substrate	Silane chemistry	~ 1 pM	Fluorescence (2 h)	[23]
HPV	Gold nanoparticles	AuNPs	Positively charged avidin	~ 1 nM	Bare eyes (1.5 h)	[22]
HPV	Magnetic beads	Droplet microfluidic chips	Streptavidin antibody	~ 103 copies	Fluorescent (4.5 h)	[24]
HPV	Magnetic beads	MNPs	Label free	~ 102 copies	Bare eyes (1 h)	This work