TABLE 1.

Summary of different enzyme productions by Kluyveromyces marxianus strains.

Strain name	Name of enzyme	Engineering technique	Cultivation conditions	Enzyme activity	References
Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 3172	β-Galactosidase	-	Temperature 30°C, lactose utilized by yeast, 15.4%	1.10 U/mg	Alves et al. (2019)
			Cheese whey as a substrate
Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 16045	β-Galactosidase	-	Culture medium containing whey and parboiled rice effluent was formulated for maximizing the β-galactosidase. production. Cultivation conditions were 10% inoculum, temperature 30°C, and 180 rpm for 72 h	10.4 U/ml	Braga et al. (2012)
Kluyveromyces marxianus IFO 0288	Lipase	-	Fermentation time 65 h, optimal nutritional (0.5% olive oil), and cultivation (pH 6.5, 35°C) conditions using the conventional optimization approach		Stergiou et al. (2012)
Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL-Y-7571	Pectinases	-	Liquid medium YNB-pectin (0.5% yeast extract, 1% citric pectin, 0.67% yeast nitrogen base, and pH 5.0)		Piemolini-Barreto et al. (2015)
			Duran flasks (250 ml) were inoculated with K. marxianus NRRL-Y-7571 and incubated at 28°C for 48 h, under static conditions
Kluyveromyces marxianus	β-Glucosidase	-	Fermentation temperature 35°C, cultivation time 98 h, inoculum level 10%, and 30 g/L of okara	4.5 U/mg	Su et al. (2021)
K. marxianus strain FIM-1∆U	Endo-1,4-β-glucanase RuCelA	Promoter and signal sequence engineering	Fed-batch fermentations in a 5-L bioreactor, temperature 30°, pH 5.5, and dissolved oxygen concentration above 10% of air saturation	24 U/ml	Zhou et al. (2018)
		T(-361)A mutation inside the promoter
		Deletion of AT-rich region inside 5′UTR (UTR∆A), P10L substitution in the signal sequence
K. marxianus strain FIM-1∆U	Endo-1,4-β-endoxylanase Xyn-CDBFV	Promoter and signal sequence engineering	Fed-batch fermentations in a 5 L bioreactor, temperature 30°, pH 5.5, and dissolved oxygen concentration above 10% of air saturation	25,600 U/ml	Zhou et al. (2018)
		T(-361)A mutation inside the promoter
		Deletion of AT-rich region inside 5′UTR (UTR∆A), P10L substitution in the signal sequence
K. marxianus strain FIM-1∆U	Endo-1,4-β-mannanase MAN330	Promoter and signal sequence engineering	Fed-batch fermentations in a 5 L bioreactor, temperature 30°, pH 5.5, and dissolved oxygen concentration above 10% of air saturation	10,200 U/ml	Zhou et al. (2018)
		T(-361)A mutation inside the promoter
		Deletion of AT-rich region inside 5′UTR (UTR∆A), P10L substitution in signal sequence
Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-8281	Tannase	-	For SSF, 1 ml of inoculum (108 cells/ml) was inoculated in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 5 g of sterilized olive pomace waste, and incubated for 48 h at 45°C	12,711.00 U/ml	Mahmoud et al. (2018)
Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-4219 and K. marxianus NRRL Y-8287	Xylanase	-	Fermentation medium (50 ml per 250-ml flasks) with 24-h grown cultures of 4% B. subtilis, 4% K. marxianus were incubated at 35°C and 130 rpm for 24 h by submerged fermentation. pH 7.0	49.5 IU/ml	Yardimci and Cekmecelioglu (2018)
			40% solid load of hazelnut shells