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. 2022 Apr 20;10:839041. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.839041

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Copyright © 2022 Lillo and Saleh.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diverse mechanisms of inflammasome activation. The activation of the inflammasome by the canonical pathway relies on two signals, the first or the priming signal allowing transcription of inflammasome components, and the second or activating signal triggering the assembly of the complex. The inflammasome scaffolding receptors belong to different families (NLR, ALR and PYRIN), each recognizing different MAMPs or DAMPs. Caspase-1 is central in catalyzing inflammasome functions, cleaving pro-inflammatory cytokines into their bioactive form and gasdermin D (GSDMD) into an N-terminal pore forming domain that elicits pyroptosis. The non-canonical route is mediated by direct binding of LPS or phospholipids to caspase-4/-5 in humans or -11 in mice.